Nucleic acid binding compounds containing pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogues of purin-2,6-diamine and their uses

ABSTRACT

The present invention is in the field of nucleic acid binding compounds comprising 7-substituted 7-deaza-8aza-2,6-diamino-purine bases, compounds useful for the preparation of such compounds, various uses thereof and methods for the determination of nucleic acids using said compounds in the field of diagnostics.

This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 ofPCT/EP01/08850 filed 31 Jul. 2001 and EP Application 00109438.0, filed24 Apr. 2001 and EP Application No. 00116816.0 filed 3 Aug. 2000, thecontents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is in the field of nucleic acid binding compoundscomprising 7-substituted 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine bases,compounds useful for the preparation of such compounds, various usesthereof and methods for the determination of nucleic acids using saidcompounds in the field of diagnostics.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Nucleic acids have been found to be useful analytes for thedetermination of the presence or absence of genes or microorganisms inhuman body fluids, food or environment in the field of health care.Nucleic acid analysis has found widespread use after the introduction ofnucleic acid amplification, like the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR, seeU.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202). Thus, sufficient amounts of nucleic acids areavailable from each sample. The nucleic acids can be determined fromthis pretreated sample using a variety of different techniques,dependent on the particular purpose. Most assays require the use of aprobe which is either immobilized or immobilizable or is labelled byattachment of one or more reporter groups.

A reporter group has the characteristics to be itself capable to bedetermined or it can be reacted with reagents that make the probedeterminable via said reporter group. Thus, for example, probes that arelabelled by reporter groups can be determined, as can be hybrids thatcontain the probe and a nucleic acid to be determined. In case ofimmobilized probes, the hybrid between the probe and the nucleic acid tobe determined is determined at the solid phase to which the probe isbound. In a particular form of assays, not only one nucleic acid havinga specific sequence, but a large number of nucleic acids of differentsequence is determined. For this purpose, the probes are immobilized intiny spots in an array on a flat surface such as a glass chip (EP-A-0476 014 and TIBTECH (1997), Vol. 15, 465-469, WO89/10977, WO89/11548,U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,202,231, 5,002,867, WO 93/17126). Further developmenthas provided methods for making very large arrays of oligonucleotideprobes in very small areas.(U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,854, WO 90/15070, WO92/10092). Microfabricated arrays of large numbers of oligonucleotideprobes, called “DNA chips” offer great promise for a wide variety ofapplications (see e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,156,501 and 6,022,963).

However, nucleic acid determinations often suffer from the problem thatthe base pairing possibilities between the natural bases A and T and Cand G have different stability. This can be attributed to the differentcapability of these bases to form hydrogen bonding. Thus, the dA-dT-basepair has two hydrogen bridges, while the dG-dC-base pair has threehydrogen bridges. This results in different melting temperatures (T_(m))of hybrids, depending on the GC content [1-3]. The higher the GCcontent, the higher the T_(m). The hybridisation strength or the degreeof hybridization may be investigated by the measurement of the T_(m) ofthe resulting duplex. This can be done by exposing a duplex in solutionto gradually increasing temperature and monitoring the denaturation ofthe duplex, for example, by absorbance of ultraviolet light, whichincreases with the unstacking of base pairs that accompaniesdenaturation. The T_(m) is generally defined as the temperature midpointof the transition from a fully duplex structure to completedenaturation, i.e. the formation of two isolated single strands.

Therefore in routine nucleic acid analysis, there is often the wish tochange the T_(m) of a nucleic acid molecule. For example, for certainpurposes it may be advantageous to equalize or harmonize the T_(m) ofnucleic acids of the same length or to make it even independent from thelength of the nucleic acid or the binding region in order to be in theposition to apply similar hybridization conditions for all assays. Thisis particularly necessary for assays using arrays, as on such arrays thehybridizing conditions for each probe must be identical. One solutionwas the use of low hybridization temperatures. Under such conditions,many nucleic acids having a low degree of base sequence complementaritywill bind to the probe. This is called unspecific binding which does notallow discrimination between similar sequences. Another proposal wasdirected to the use of chemical reagents in the hybridization mixture,for example the addition of tetramethylammonium chloride (TMAC). Thisreagent reduces the difference between the stability of dG-dC and dA-dTbase pairs but the effect is insufficient for short oligonucleotides.Further the addition of salts such as TMAC may not be appreciated as itcomplicates the optimization of the assay. Another proposal was directedto the use of different concentrations of each different (immobilized)probe in one assay. This was found to be technically complex if notimpossible on a chip surface. As a further option the substitution ofribonucleotides in an oligonucleotide composed of deoxyribonucleotides,and vice versa was applied for the adaptation of DNA stability, Hoheisel(1996), Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 430-432.

However, it may be also advantageous to increase the T_(m) of a givennucleic acid. This is interesting in the field of nucleic acids used forantisense therapy, mismatch discrimination and for nucleic acids used indiagnostics. The nucleic acids may be used as primers or probes. The aimis to allow a more simple design of primers and probes used in multiplexreactions and to synthesize shorter capture probes used on chips, as thechemical synthesis of oligonucleotides on a chip surface used for arraysis not as effective as in routine oligonucleotide synthesis. Therelative contribution of each base pair to the melting temperature of ahybrid is the higher the shorter an oligonucleotide is. In consequence,the difference in stability between a mismatch and a perfect match ishigher for shorter oligonucleotides. However, short oligonucleotideshybridize weakly and, therefore, the hybridization reaction has to beperformed at low stringency. In consequence, the potential higherability of discrimination between different sequences by shorteroligonucleotides can only be used under conditions of low stringency. Itwould be of considerable advantage to provide bases which allow toachieve a high level of mismatch discrimination under stringentconditions, in particular for short oligonucleotides at temperaturesused e.g. in amplification reactions. Further, there is the desire inthe state of the art to use short oligonucleotides with highdiscriminatory power in arrays as the chemical synthesis ofoligonucleotides on solid supports used for arrays is not as effectiveas in routine synthesis. Therefore, the ability to use shorteroligonucleotides under stringent conditions would be of considerableadvantage. If bases are found that lead to an increase of the T_(m) ofan oligonucleotide hybridized to its complementary strand, other basesmay then be used in the same oligonucleotide to further adjust the T_(m)according to the preferences of the test system to be used.

Theoretically, oligonucleotide duplexes forming other tridentate basepairs should exhibit a similar or higher stability, e.g. those with2-aminoadenine opposite to thymine. Nevertheless, it has been shown that2-aminoadenine-thyrine/uracil base pairs exhibit only a low thermalstability [4-10]. From the data published so far one can conclude thatthe additional NH₂-group of 2′-deoxyadenosin-2-amine (molecule 1 (seebelow); n²A_(d)) contributes very little to the base pair stability of aDNA duplex. The T_(m)-increase is in the range of only 1-2° C.Furthermore, this stabilization does not correspond to the total numberof n² A_(d)-residues incorporated in the duplex instead of dA [11]. Astronger stabilization as reported for duplex DNA is found for duplexRNA or for DNA-RNA hybrids [9] [10] [12]. A rather high base pairstability is observed when 2-aminoadenine is introduced into PNA [13] orhexitol nucleic acids [14]. Modified backbones other than of DNA or ofRNA appear to enhance the stability of the 2-aminoadenine-thymine/uracilpair.

The unusual behavior of oligonucleotide duplexes containing n²A_(d)-dTresidues is interesting for the development of an adenine-thyminerecognition motif showing the same or even a higher stability than aguanine-cytosine base pair. In the following compounds the purine moietyof compound 1 is replaced by an 8-aza-7-deazapurine(pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine) or a 7-deazapurine(pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine) leading to nucleosides (2a [15], 2b, 2c or 3[16], [17] see below).

Compounds of similar chemical architecture were investigated in theprior art. The synthesis of 7-substituted-7-deaza and8-aza-7-deazapurine 2′-deoxyribonucleotides, their incorporation intooligonucleotides, and the stability of the corresponding duplexes hasbeen investigated (Seela et al. (1997) Nucleosides & Nucleotides 16,963-966). This document does not contain a disclosure of 7-substituted7-deaza-8-aza-diamino-purines. Stabilization of duplexes bypyrazolopyrinidine base analogues have been reported (Seela et al.(1988) Helv. Chim. Acta 71, 1191-1198; Seela et al. (1988) Helv. ChimActa 71, 1813-1823; and Seela et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17,901-910)

Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine residues in oligonucleotides are also usefulas sites of attachment of various groups (WO90/14353). Oligonucleotideshaving incorporated one or more pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine have anenhanced tendency to form triplexes (Belousov et al. (1998). NucleicAcids Res. 26, 1324-1328).

The compounds 7-iodo, 7-cyano and7-propynyl-7-deaza-2-amino-2′-deoxyadenosine were synthesized by Balowet al. (1997, Nucleosides & Nucleotides 16, 941-944) and incorporatedinto oligonucleotide sequences. These oligonucleotides exhibit enhancedbinding affinities to RNA complements relative to unmodified sequences.However, no corresponding 8-aza-compounds were made and investigated.Seela et al. (1999, Nucleosides & Nucleotides 18, 1399-1400) disclose7-substituted 8-aza-7-deazapurine DNA, its synthesis and duplexstability. The authors do not address possible uses of the disclosedcompounds.

WO 90/03370 discloses 3,4-disubstituted and 3,4,6-trisubstitutedpyrazolo-[3,4-d]-pyrimidines, more particularly4,6-diamino-pyrazolo-[3,4-d]-pyrimidines with a linker at theC3-position to which an intercalator, an electrophilic cross linker or areporter group is attached. These compounds may be attached to sugars orincorporated into oligonucleotides and thereby used for theidentification, isolation, localization and/or detection ofcomplementary nucleic acid sequences of interest. U.S. Pat. No.5,594,121 discloses novel oligomers with enhanced abilities to formduplexes or triplexes. The oligomers may contain 7-substituted8-aza-7-deaza-diamino-purines with propinyl and aryls as substituents atthe 7-position. Compositions containing these oligomers may used fordiagnostic purposes.

There is still a need to provide probes with a high discriminatory powerand with a short length, the T_(m) of which is high under stringentconditions and which can be used in various methods useful in the fieldof diagnostics as e.g. in the Lightcycler® system (Roche, Mannheim,Germany), TaqMan® (WO92/02638 and corresponding U.S. Pat. Nos.5,210,015, 5,804,375, 5,487,972) or other applications involvingfluorescence energy transfer.

Terms and Definitions

Conventional techniques of molecular biology and nucleic acid chemistry,which are within the skill of the art, are fully explained fully in theliterature. See, for example, Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning—ALaboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y.; Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M. J. Gait, ed., 1984); Nucleic AcidHybridization (B. D. Hames and S. J. Higgins. eds., 1984); and a series,Methods in Enzymology (Academic Press, Inc.), all of which areincorporated herein by reference. All patents, patent applications, andpublications mentioned herein, both supra and infra, are incorporatedherein by reference The terms “nucleic acid” and “oligonucleotide” referto polydeoxyribonucleotides (containing 2-deoxy-D-ribose), topolyribonucleotides (containing D-ribose), and to any other type ofpolynucleotide which is an N glycoside of a purine or pyrimidine base,or modified purine or pyrimidine base. There is no intended distinctionin length between the terms “nucleic acid” and “oligonucleotide”, andthese terms will be used interchangeably. These terms refer only to theprimary structure of the molecule. Thus, these terms include double- andsingle-stranded DNA, as well as double- and single-stranded RNA. Theterm “polynucleotide” shall be used interchangably for “nucleic acid”.

The term “backbone” or “nucleic acid backbone” for a nucleic acidbinding compound according to the invention refers to the structure ofthe chemical moiety linking nucleobases in a nucleic acid bindingcompound. The bases are attached to the backbone and take part in basepairing to a complementary nucleic acid binding compound via hydrogenbonds. This may include structures formed from any and all means ofchemically linking nucleotides, e.g. the natural occurringphosphodiester ribose backbone or unnatural linkages as e.g.phosphorthioates, methyl phosphonates, phosphoramidates andphosphortriesters. Peptide nucleic acids have unnatural linkages.Therefore, a “modified backbone” as used herein includes modificationsto the chemical linkage between nucleotides as described above, as wellas other modifications that may be used to enhance stability andaffinity, such as modifications to the sugar structure. For example anα-anomer of deoxyribose may be used, where the base is inverted withrespect to the natural β-anomer. In an embodiment, the 2′-OH of thesugar group may be altered to 2′-O-alkyl or 2′-O-alkyl-n(O-alkyl), whichprovides resistance to degradation without comprising affinity. Anunmodified nucleotide sequence having a phosphodiester backbone is“comparable” to a nucleobase-containing sequence having a modifiedbackbone if the two sequences have identical base sequencing. Thus, thebackbones of such sequences are also comparable.

The term “nucleic acid binding compound” refers to substances whichassociate with nucleic acids of any sequence and are able to function asbinding partner to a substantially complementary nucleic acid. Thebinding preferably occurs via hydrogen bonding between complementarybase pairs when the nucleic acid binding compound is in asingle-stranded form. Preferably, non-natural bases, the subject of theinvention, attached to the backbone of the nucleic acid binding compoundmay be also involved in hydrogen-bonding, however, these may also beable to form hydrogen bonds to only some or all natural occurring basesas e.g. inosine. The expert in the field recognizes that the mostwell-known “nucleic acid binding compounds” are nucleic acids as DNA orRNA.

The term “probe” refers to synthetic or biologically produced nucleicacids (DNA or RNA) which, by design or selection, contain specificnucleotide sequences that allow them to hybridize under definedpredetermined stringencies, specifically (i.e., preferentially) totarget nucleic acids. A “probe” can be identified as a “capture probe”meaning that it “captures” the target nucleic acid so that it can beseparated from undesirable materials which might obscure its detection.Once separation is accomplished, detection of the captured targetnucleic acid can be achieved using a suitable procedure. “Captureprobes” are often already attached to a solid phase.

The term “hybridization” refers the formation of a duplex structure bytwo single-stranded nucleic acids due to complementary base pairing.Hybridization can occur between fully complementary nucleic acid strandsor between “substantially complementary” nucleic acid strands thatcontain minor regions of mismatch. Conditions under which only fullycomplementary nucleic acid strands will hybridize are referred to as“stringent hybridization conditions” or “sequence-specific hybridizationconditions”. Stable duplexes of substantially complementary sequencescan be achieved under less stringent hybridization conditions; thedegree of mismatch tolerated can be controlled by suitable adjustment ofthe hybridization conditions. Those skilled in the art of nucleic acidtechnology can determine duplex stability empirically considering anumber of variables including, for example, the length and base pairconcentration of the oligonucleotides, ionic strength, and incidence ofmismatched base pairs, following the guidance provided by the art (see,e.g., Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning—A Laboratory Manual, ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; and Wetmur, 1991,Critical Review in Biochem. and Mol. Biol. 26(3/4):227-259; bothincorporated herein by reference).

The term “primer” refers to an oligonucleotide capable of acting as apoint of initiation of DNA synthesis under conditions in which synthesisof a primer extension product complementary to a nucleic acid strand isinduced, i.e., either in the presence of four different nucleosidetriphosphates and an agent for extension (e.g., a DNA polymerase orreverse transcriptase) in an appropriate buffer and at a suitabletemperature. As used herein, the term “primer” is intended to encompassthe oligonucleotides used in ligation-mediated amplification processes,in which one oligonucleotide is “extended” by ligation to a secondoligonucleotide which hybridizes at an adjacent position. Thus, the term“primer extension”, as used herein, refers to both the polymerization ofindividual nucleoside triphosphates using the primer as a point ofinitiation of DNA synthesis and to the ligation of two primers to forman extended product. A primer is preferably a single-stranded DNA. Theappropriate length of a primer depends on the intended use of the primerbut typically ranges from 6 to 50 nucleotides. Short primer moleculesgenerally require cooler temperatures to form sufficiently stable hybridcomplexes with the template. A primer need not reflect the exactsequence of the template nucleic acid, but must be sufficientlycomplementary to hybridize with the template. The design of suitableprimers for the amplification of a given target sequence is well knownin the art and described in the literature cited herein. Primers canincorporate additional features which allow for the detection orimmobilization of the primer but do not alter the basic property of theprimer, that of acting as a point of initiation of DNA synthesis. Forexample, primers may contain an additional nucleic acid sequence at the5′ end which does not hybridize to the target nucleic acid, but whichfacilitates cloning of the amplified product. The region of the primerwhich is sufficiently complementary to the template to hybridize isreferred to herein as the hybridizing region.

The terms “target, “target sequence”, “target segment”, “target region”,and “target nucleic acid” refer to a region or subsequence of a nucleicacid which is to be amplified or investigated.

As used herein, a primer is “specific” for a target sequence if thenumber of mismatches present between the primer sequence and the targetsequence is less than the number of mismatches present between theprimer sequence and non-target sequences which may be present in thesample. Hybridization conditions can be chosen under which stableduplexes are formed only if the number of mismatches present is no morethan the number of mismatches present between the primer sequence andthe target sequence. Under such conditions, the primer can form a stableduplex only with a target sequence. Thus, the use of target-specificprimers under suitably stringent amplification conditions enables thespecific amplification of those target sequences which contain thetarget primer binding sites. The use of sequence-specific amplificationconditions enables the specific amplification of those target sequenceswhich contain the exactly complementary primer binding sites.

Halogen means a fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo group. The most preferredhalogen groups are —I and —Br.

Alkyl groups are preferably chosen from alkyl groups containing from 1to 10 carbon atoms, either arranged in linear, branched or cyclic form.The actual length of the alkyl group will depend on the steric situationat the specific position where the alkyl group is located. If there aresteric constraints, the alkyl group will generally be smaller, themethyl and ethyl group being most preferred. All alkyl, alkenyl andalkynyl groups can be either unsubstituted or substituted. Substitutionby hetero atoms as outlined above, will help to increase solubility inaqueous solutions.

Alkenyl groups are preferably selected from alkenyl groups containingfrom 2 to 10 carbon atoms. For the selections similar considerationsapply as for alkyl groups. They also can be linear, branched and cyclic.The most preferred alkenyl group is the ethylene group.

Alkynyl groups have preferably from 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Again, thosecarbon atoms can be arranged in linear, branched and cyclic manner.Further, there can be more than one triple bond in the alkynyl group.The most preferred alkynyl group is the 3-propargyl-group.

Alkoxy groups preferably contain from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and areattached to the rest of the moiety via the oxygen atom. For the alkylgroup contained in the alkoxy groups, the same considerations apply asfor alkyl groups. The most preferred alkoxy group is the methoxy group.

By “aryl” and “heteroaryl” (or “heteroaromatic”) is meant a carbocyclicor heterocyclic group comprising at least one ring having physical andchemical properties resembling compounds such as an aromatic group offrom 5 to 6 ring atoms and comprising 4 to 20 carbon atoms, usually 4 to9 or 4 to 12 carbon atoms, in which one to three ring atoms is N, S orO, provided that no adjacent ring atoms are O—O, S—S, O—S or S—O. Aryland heteroaryl groups include, phenyl, 2-, 4- and 5-pyrimidinyl, 2-, 4-and 5-thiazoyl, 2-s-triazinyl, 2-, 4-imidazolyl, 2-, 4- and 5-oxazolyl,2-, 3- and 4-pyridyl, 2- and 3-thienyl, 2- and 3-furanyl, 2- and3-pyrrolyl optionally substituted preferably on a ring C by oxygen,alkyl of 1-4 carbon atoms or halogen. Heteroaryl groups also includeoptional substitution on a ring N by alkyl of 1-4 carbon atoms orhaloalkyl of 1-4 carbon atoms and 1-4 halogen atoms. Exemplarysubstituents on the aryl or heteroaryl group include methyl, ethyl,trifluoromethyl and bromo. Such substituted aryl and heteroaryl groupsinclude benzyl and the like. “Heteroaryl” also means systems having twoor more rings, including bicyclic moieties such as benzimidazole,benzotriazole, benzoxazole, and indole. Aryl groups are the phenyl ornaphtyl moiety, either unsubstituted or substituted by one or more ofamino, -cyano, -aminoalkyl, —O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, sulfonyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, nitro and nitroso. Mostpreferred aryl group is the phenyl group. Preferred arylalkyl group isthe benzyl group. The preferred alkylamino group is the ethylaminogroup. The preferred —COO(C₁-C₄) alkyl group contains one or two carbonatoms in the alkyl moiety (methyl or ethyl esters). Other aryl groupsare heteroarylgroups as e.g. pyrimidine, purine, pyrrol, or pyrazole.Aryl and heteroaryl. According to the present invention the term arylshall also include all heteroaryls.

Aryloxy groups preferably contain from 6 to 20 carbon atoms. Thosecarbon atoms may be contained in one or more aromatic rings and furtherin side chains (for example, alkyl chains) attached to the aromaticmoiety. Preferred aryloxy groups are the phenoxy and the benzoxy group.

A “protecting group” is a chemical group that is attached to afunctional moiety (for example to the oxygen in a hydroxyl group or thenitrogen in an amino group, replacing the hydrogen) to protect thefunctional group from reacting in an undesired way. A protecting groupis further defined by the fact that it can be removed without destroyingthe biological activity of the molecule formed, here the binding of thenucleic acid binding compound to a nucleic acid. Suitable protectinggroups are known to a man skilled in the art. Especially preferredprotecting groups for example for hydroxyl groups at the 5′-end of anucleotide or oligonucleotide are selected from the trityl groups, forexample dimethoxytrityl. Preferred protecting groups at exocyclic aminogroups in formula I are acyl groups, most preferred the benzoyl group(Bz), phenoxyacetyl or acetyl or formyl, and the amidine protectinggroups as e.g. the N,N-dialkylformamidine group, preferentially thedimethyl-, diisobutyl-, diisobutyryl and the di-n-butylformamidinegroup. Preferred O-protecting groups are the aroyl groups, thediphenylcarbamoyl group, the acyl groups, and the silyl groups. Amongthese most preferred is the benzoyl group. Preferred silyl groups arethe trialkylsilyl groups, like, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl andtertiary butyl-dimethyl-silyl. Another preferred silyl group is thetrimethylsilyl-oxy-methyl group (TOM)(Swiss Patent Application01931/97). Further, preferred protecting groups are groups as orthonitro-benzyl protecting groups like 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethoxycarbonyl(NPEOC) or photoactivable compounds as 2-nitrophenylpropyloxycarbonyl(NPPOC) (Giegrich et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides 1998, 17, 1987).According to the invention, also the phthaloyl group may be used asprotecting group.

Any atom in the definitions within the formulae presented herein is notlimited to a specific isotope. Thus, a phosphorus atom (P) can eithermean the regular ³¹P or the radioactive ³²P or a mixture thereof. Thesame applies for hydrogen (H/D/T), carbon (C), iodine (Cl, Br, I) andnitrogen (N).

During chemical synthesis, any reactive groups as e.g. —OH, —SH, —NH₂,—NH-alkyl, —NH-alkenylene, —NH-alkynylene, or —NH-aryl (including thosegroups in reporter groups) should be protected by suitable protectinggroups, i.e. that the present invention contemplates compounds for thesynthesis of olignucleotides wherein the formulas or substituents arechosen with the proviso that one or two hydrogen atoms of any —OH, —SH,—NH₂, —NH-alkyl, —NH-alkenylene, —NH-alkynylene, or —NH-aryl group aresubstituted by a protecting group. Further, during chemical synthesis,the compound will be attached for convenience to a solid phase. In thesecases, the definitions of the substituents given above will be selectedaccordingly.

Reporter groups are generally groups that make the nucleic acid bindingcompound as well as any nucleic acids bound thereto distinguishable fromthe remainder of the liquid, i.e. the sample (nucleic acid bindingcompounds having attached a reporter group can also be termed labelednucleic acid binding compounds, labeled probes or just probes). The termreporter group and the specific embodiments preferably include a linkerwhich is used to connect the moiety intended to be used (the actualsolid phase or the fluorophoric moiety) to the position of attachment asthe reporter group. The linker will provide flexibility such that thenucleic acid binding compound can bind the nucleic acid sequence to bedetermined without major hindrance by the solid phase. Linkers,especially those that are not hydrophobic, for example based onconsecutive ethylenoxy units, for example as disclosed in DE 3943522 areknown to a man skilled in the art.

By “array” is meant an arrangement of addressable locations on a device.The locations can be arranged in two dimensional arrays, threedimensional arrays, or other matrix formats. The number of locations canrange from several to at least hundreds of thousands. Most importantly,each location represents a totally independent reaction site. Eachlocation carries a nucleic acid binding compound which can serve as abinding partner for a second nucleic acid binding compound, a nucleicacid, in particular a target nucleic acid.

The term “building block” or “subunit” refers to a compound which can beused in oligonucleotide synthesis wherein subsequently single buildingblocks are chemically linked to form a more complex structure, i.e. anoligonucleotide precursor. Examples for building blocks arephosphoramidites or phosphonates.

The term “substituted compound” shall mean that a compound carriesfurther chemical groups, moieties or substituents other than thecompound itself. These substituents shall in principle include but arenot limited to halogens or alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or aryl compoundsoptinally substituted with further heteroatoms

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 a: Ultraviolet spectra of demination of compound 2a

FIG. 1 b: High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) profile ofcompounds 1, 2a and 2b

FIG. 2 a: High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) profile of a snakevenom diesterase/alkaline phosphatase hydrolysate of an oligonucleotidecontaining 2a

FIG. 2 b: High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) profile of a snakevenom diesterase/alkaline phosphatase hydrolysate of an oligonucleotidecontaining 2b

FIG. 3: Circular dichroism spectra of antiparallel DNA/DNA duplexes(FIG. 3 a) and antiparallel DNA/RNA duplexes (FIG. 3 b)

FIG. 4: Circular dichroism spectra of parallel DNA/DNA duplexes (FIG. 4a) and parallel DNA/RNA duplexes (FIG. 4 b)

FIG. 5. HPLC profiles of the nucleosides 1, 2a-c (a) and 3a-c and dT(b). The mixtures of the nucleosides were analyzed on reversed-phaseHPLC at 260 nm (RP-18, gradient: 0-30 min in 0.1M (Et₃NH)OAc (pH7.0)/MeCN (95:5), 0.7 ml/min). HPLC profile of oligonucleotides 100 (c)and 304 (d) after enzymatic hydrolysis with snake-venomphosphodiesterase followed by alkaline phosphatase in 0.1 M Tris-HClbuffer (pH 8.3) at 37°. HPLC was performed on a RP-18 column (200×10mm), 0-30 min in 0.1 M (Et₃NH)OAc (pH 7.0)/MeCN (95:5), 0.7 ml/min. Peakdetection: 260 nm.

FIG. 6. The tendency of T_(m)-increase vs. the number of 2b residues.

FIG. 7. (a) CD spectra of duplexes 102• 103, 108• 109, 110• 111, 104•105 ( in 100 mM NaCl, 100 mM MgCl₂, and 60 mM Na-cacodylate (pH 7.0).(b) CD Spectra of duplexes 102• 403, 108• 403, 110• 403, 104• 403 in 100mM NaCl, 100 mM MgCl₂, and 60 mM Na-cacodylate (pH 7.0), theconcentration of the oligonucleotides is 5 μM+5 μM (single strandconcentration).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The above-mentioned problem could be solved by the findings of thepresent invention which discloses nucleic acid binding compounds wherein7-substituted 8-aza-7-deaza-2,6-diamino-purines are incorporated,derivatives of these oligonucleotides and compounds useful for thesynthesis thereof. Further, the present invention discloses methodswherein the compounds according to the present invention may be used.

Surprisingly, an oligonucleotide having incorporated a 7-iodo or7-bromo-8-aza-7-deaza-2,6-diamino-purine in place of an adenine residueshows an unexpected increase in the melting temperature. This finding isin contrast to the behaviour of 5-halogen substituted pyrimidines. Thiseffect can be observed for parallel as well as for antiparallelduplexes. These findings could not be foreseen on the basis of the stateof the art, however, the surprising finding can be generalized to other8-aza-7-deaza-2,6-diamino-purines substituted at the 7-position (purinenumbering) with a hydrophobic residue as the halogen substituent ishydrophobic or a residue containing a hydrophobic moiety attached to the7-position. Further, the teachings can be generalized to anelectron-withdrawing substituent. Therefore, preferred othersubstituents at this position as e.g. alkyl, alkenyl and alkinyl,preferably with a length of 6 carbon atoms, more preferably with alength of 3 carbon atoms, are suitable in the present invention. The7-position allows the substituents to extend into the major groove ofthe DNA where they find enough space and do not disturb the DNA doublehelix. A possible explanation for this effect could be removal of waterfrom the major groove and the concomitant hydrophobisation of the majorgroove thereby increasing the stacking of the DNA bases. Substituentsfulfilling these requirements may also carry other functional groups ase.g. reporter groups.

In summary, the present invention discloses nucleic acid bindingcompounds comprising 7-substituted 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purinebases, compounds useful for the preparation of such compounds, varioususes thereof and methods for the determination of nucleic acids usingsaid compounds in the field of diagnostics.

The subject of the present invention is a nucleic acid binding compoundcomprising a backbone, said backbone having attached heterocyclic groupscapable of base pairing to nucleobases characterized in that aheterocyclic group is a group of the general formula I

-   -   wherein    -   R1 is independent from X, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of        -   (1) —F, —Cl, —Br or —I,        -   (2) Nitro        -   (3) Cyano        -   (4) —COO—        -   (5) —(C1-C10)-alkyl substituted according to (10)        -   (6) —(C2-C10)-alkenyl substituted according to (10)        -   (7) —(C2-C10)-alkynyl substituted according to (10)        -   (8) —(C6-C22)-aryl substituted according to (10)        -   (9) —W—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —W—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —W—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —W—(C6-C22)-aryl or W—H, wherein W=—S—,            —O—, —NH—, —S—S—, —CO—, —COO—, —CO—NH—, —NH—CO—, —NH—CO—NH—,            —NH—CS—NH—, —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and s are,            independently of each other, an integer between 1 to 18 and            n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   (10) substituents (5) to (9) wherein any alkyl, alkenyl,            alkynyl or aryl can be substituted by one or more moieties            selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —NO2,            —CN, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —OR 12, —COR11,            —NH—CO—NR5R6, —NH—CS—NR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12, OR12, and —SR12            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkinyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group, a group which facilitates                intracellular uptake or a group that, when the nucleic                acid binding compound hybridizes to its complementary                nucleic acid, attacks the latter while binding,                cross-linking or cleaving,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (5)            to (10) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   with the proviso that R5, R6 or R12 is not a reporter group            if the radicals (5) to (7) are substituted by —NR5R6, NHR12,            OR12, or SR12;    -   R2, R3 is independent from X, R1, R2 and R3 and is selected from        the group of,        -   (1)—H        -   (2)(C1-C10)-alkyl,        -   (3)(C2-C10)-alkenyl,        -   (4) (C2-C10)-alkynyl,        -   (5)(C6-C22)-aryl,        -   (6) —Z—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —Z—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —Z—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —Z—(C6-C22)-aryl or Z—H, wherein            Z=—CO—, —CO—NH—, —CS—NH—, —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and            s are, independently of each other, an integer between 1 to            18 and n is 1 or 2 independently from r and s,        -   (7)substituents (2) to (6)            -   wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl can be                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —NO₂, —OR12, —CN, —SH,                —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —COR11,                —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6,                r and s are independently of each other an integer of                from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12 and OR12,            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)—alkynyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (2)            to (7) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s;    -   X is independent from R¹, R² or R³ and is selected from the        group consisting of N and CH    -   D is the position of attachment of the group to the rest of the        nucleic acid binding compound.        and any salts thereof.

The nucleobases, to which the nucleic acid binding compound according tothe invention may bind, can be nucleobases occuring in nature, as e.g.adenosine, guanosine, uridin or cytidin or the 2′-desoxyderivativesthereof, or nucleobases not occuring in nature as e.g. nucleobases withheterocyclic groups according to the invention, heterocyclic groups aspyrrolo-[2,3-d]-pyrimidine or pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidine or analoguesthereof, preferably the said analogues of guanine or adenine or7-deaza-guanine. Other non-natural heterocyclic groups are known to theperson skilled in the art and need not to be mentioned explixitlyherein.

In another preferred embodiment, the invention relates to nucleic acidbinding compounds with the general formula I and residues R² and R³ asdefined above, that have electron-withdrawing or hydrophobicsubstituents at the 7-position of 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine.Therefore, in addition to the preferred halogen substituents otherpreferred substituents at the 7-position are hydrophobic in nature ase.g. alkyl, alkenyl and alkinyl residues. It is, however, sufficient ifthe first residues extending into the major groove are hydrophobic. Indetail, other preferred substituents at the 7-position are the residues

-   -   (1) —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl substituted according to (5)    -   (2) —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl substituted according to (5)    -   (3) —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyl substituted according to (5)    -   (4) —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl substituted according to (5)    -   (5) substituents (1) to (4) wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl        or aryl can be substituted by one or more moieties selected from        the group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —NO₂, —CN,        —S—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —NR⁵R⁶, —N⁺R⁵R⁶R¹², —OR¹², —COR¹¹,        —NH—CO—NR⁵R⁶, —NH—CS—NR⁵R⁶ and        —(CH₂)_(n)—[O—(CH₂)_(r)]_(s)—NR⁵R⁶, r and s are independently of        each other an integer of from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1        independently from r and s,        -   wherein R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of —NHR¹²,            OR², and —SR¹²        -   wherein R⁵, R⁶ and R¹² are selected independently from the            group consisting of —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₀)-alkenyl,            —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkinyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl and a reporter group, a            group which facilitates intracellular uptake or a group            that, when the nucleic acid binding compound hybridizes to            its complementary nucleic acid, attacks the latter while            binding, cross-linking or cleaving,    -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (1) to (4)        being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more moieties        selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —SH,        —S—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR⁵R⁶, —COR¹¹,        —NH—CONR⁵R⁶, —NH—CSNR⁵R⁶ and —(CH₂)_(n)—[O—(CH₂)_(r)]_(s)—NR⁵R⁶,        r and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1 to        18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        with the proviso that R⁵, R⁶ or R¹² is not a reporter group if        the radicals (1) to (3) are substituted by —NR⁵R⁶, NHR¹², OR¹²,        or SR¹²; More preferably, the residue (1) has a length of        between 1 and 6 carbon atoms, more preferably a length of        between 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and the residues (2) and (3) have a        length of between 2 and 6 carbon atoms, more preferably a length        of between 2 to 3 carbon atoms.

In the most preferred embodiment the heterocyclic group is7-bromo-7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine or7-iodo-7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine. The nucleic acid bindingcompounds according to the invention further possess the advantage ofhaving a very stable glycosidic bond in contrast to 2-amino-adenosinewhich has an extremely acid labile glycosidic bond and may only be usedin oligonucleotide synthesis if specific conditions are used. In afurther embodiment of the invention, the halogenides in the 7-positionof the 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine may be substituted bypseudohalogenides as e.g. —SCN or —CN.

The preferred substituents mentioned above are also preferred in themethods and uses according to the present invention.

The heterocyclic groups of formula I are mainly characterized by thefollowing properties:

-   -   The base is linked to the backbone, preferred to a sugar moiety,        via the 9-position (purine numbering).    -   The base contains an aromatic □-electron system which is capable        to form stacking interactions with other nucleic acid        constituents.    -   The base contains donor and/or acceptor site(s) for hydrogen        bonding to the natural nucleoside T.

In order to increase the T_(m), in a nucleic acid binding compound oneor more A in a strand complementary to a T in the nucleic acid to bedetermined could be replaced by the heterocyclic groups according to theinvention. The oligonucleotide would then bind specifically to thetarget sequence containing T opposite to the bases according to theinvention with a binding energy in the order of a G-C base pair but withhigher stability than a A-T base pair. This works for antiparallel orparallel duplexes equally well whereby natural A-T base pairs have equalabilities to bind in parallel or antiparallel duplexes but with a lowerbinding energy in the parallel duplex. However, the heterocyclic groupaccording to the invention, when incorporated into a nucleic acidbinding compound, will bind to a T in the opposite strand equally wellin a parallel or in an antiparallel duplex. In order to effectantiparallel binding in a duplex, natural G or C bases normally formingG-C base pairs in antiparallel duplexes have to be substituted bynon-natural base pairs as e.g. G-iC (isocytosine) or better G-^(me)iC(methylated isocytosine) or C-iG (isoguanosine) as disclosed above. Asummary of parallel and antiparallel duplexes can be found in EP 0 624161 or Seela et al. (Tetrahedron 55 (1999), 9481-9500) and is shownschematically in scheme 11 and 12 in example 4.

This general principle of course is not limited, as bases showing thesame characteristics in the 6-membered ring would be expected to havethe same properties based on the above explanation due to theircontaining the structure according to the invention. Particularly, thefarer the part of the heterocyclic group from the part participating inthe base pairing, the more tolerant will the oligomer be overmodifications in the chemical structure, for example the attachment ofgroups to this part of the heterocyclic rings. In the following, whenreference is made to the heterocyclic group of the invention, there ismade reference to a heterocyclic group according to general formula I.

The present invention also contemplates tautomeric forms and salts ofheterocyclic groups of formula I.

The nucleic acid binding compound according to the invention preferablyhas a length of less than 100 subunits, more preferably of from 10 to 30subunits. In order to be active as nucleic acid binding compound, thesubstituents should be chosen such that hydrogen bonds to heterocyclicgroups at the nucleic acid to be bound are enabled, preferably by basepairing, for example by Watson-Crick or Hoogsteen base pairing.Compounds in which the substituents do not enable such preferredhydrogen bonding, can be useful as intermediates for the preparation ofnucleic acid binding compounds. Preferred nucleic acid binding compoundsof the invention are those which are chemically synthesized.

The nucleic acid binding compound will be constructed such that itcontains a nucleobase sequence which is substantially complementary tothe nucleic acid to be determined or the nucleic acid to which it isintended to be bound by base pairing dependent on the formation of aparallel or an antiparallel duplex. As those nucleic acids will usuallycontain at least once any of the naturally occurring nucleobases Ade,Cyt, Gua and Thy or Ura, the nucleic acid binding compound according tothe invention will also contain any of those four bases. However,acccording to the invention, at least one of the heterocyclic groups isreplaced by the heterocyclic base of formula I.

If the nucleic acid binding compound is to be used as a probe for thedetermination of a nucleic acid, or any other identification of thecompound or the nucleic acid is intended, any of the substituents areselected such as to contain a reporter group. While as many reportergroups can be attached as useful to label the nucleic acid bindingcompound sufficiently, it is preferred to attach only a limited numberof reporter groups to a single subunit, such that recognition of nucleicacids, affinities to nucleic acids and solubility is not affected suchthat the probe would not be useful in hybridization assays. In a verypreferred case, there will be only from 1 to 4, most preferably 1 or 2or most preferred only one reporter group in each nucleic acid bindingcompound. There are formats for the nucleic acid determination whichrequire more than one reporter group attached to the probe. An examplefor such formats is disclosed in WO92/02638. In this case, one of thereporter groups will be a fluorescence emitter, while the other is afluorescence quencher. The reporter group may also be attached to aheterocyclic base which is not according to formula I.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, R¹ is alkynyl-amino—C≡C-E-NR⁵R⁶, alkenyl-amino —CH═CH-E-NR⁵R⁶ and -E-NR⁵R⁶ wherein E is—[(CH₂)_(r)F]_(s)—(CH₂)_(r)- wherein F=O or S and r and s areindependently from one another an integer from 1 to 18, wherein R⁵ andR6 are selected independently from the group consisting of —H,—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryland a reporter group, wherein R¹¹ is selected from the group consistingof —NHR¹² and OR¹², wherein R⁵, R⁶ and R¹² are selected independentlyfrom the group consisting of —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl,—(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl and a reporter group, said alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl being unsubstituted or substituted by one ormore moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —SH,—S—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR⁵R⁶, —COR¹¹, —NH—CONR⁵R⁶,—NH—CSNR⁵R⁶ and —(CH₂)_(n)—[O—(CH₂)_(r)]_(s)—NR⁵R⁶, r and s areindependently of each other an integer of from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1independently from r and s.

Reporter groups are generally groups that make the nucleic acid bindingcompound as well as any nucleic acids bound thereto distinguishable fromthe remainder of the liquid, i.e. the sample (nucleic acid bindingcompounds having attached a reporter group can also be termed labelednucleic acid binding compounds, labeled probes or just probes). Thisdistinction can be either effected by selecting the reporter group fromthe group of directly or indirectly detectable groups or from the groupsof immobilized or immobilizable groups. Directly detectable groups arefor example fluorescent compounds, like fluorescein and its derivatives,like hexachlorofluorescein and hexafluorofluorescein, rhodamines,psoralenes squaraines, porphyrines, fluorescent particles,bioluminescent compounds, like acridinium esters and luminol, or thecyanine dyes, like Cy-5. Examples of such compounds are disclosed in EP0 680 969. Further, spin labels like TEMPO, electrochemically detectablygroups, ferrocene, viologene, heavy metal chelates andelectrochemiluminescent labels, like ruthenium bispyridyl complexes, andnaphthoquinones, quencherdyes, like dabcyl, and nuclease activecomplexes, for example of Fe and Cu, are useful detectable groups. Otherexamples of such compounds are europium complexes. Indirectly detectablegroups are groups that can be recognized by another moiety which isdirectly or indirectly labelled. Examples of such indirect detectablegroups are haptens, like digoxigenin or biotin. Digoxigenin for examplecan be recognized by antibodies against digoxigenin. Those antibodiesmay either be labelled directly or can be recognized by labelledantibodies directed against the (antidigoxigenin) antibodies. Formatsbased on the recognition of digoxigenin are disclosed in EP-B-0 324 474.Biotin can be recognized by avidin and similar compounds, likestreptavidin and other biotin binding compounds. Again, those compoundscan be labelled directly or indirectly. Further interesting labels arethose directly detectable by atomic force microscopy (AFM) or scanningtunneling microscopy (STM). The reporter group can further be anucleotide sequence which does not interfere with other nucleotidesequences in the sample. The sequence can therefore be specificallyrecognized by nucleotide containing a complementary sequence. Thisnucleotide sequence can be labelled directly or indirectly or can beimmobilizable or immobilized. A reporter group can further be a solidphase. Attachment of the nucleic acid binding compound with solid phasecan be either directly or indirectly as pointed out above for thedetectable group. Examples of such solid phases are latex beads or goldparticles. In another embodiment of the invention, a further reportergroup attached to the nucleic acid binding compound may be anypositively or negatively charged group, preferably a carboxylate groupor an ammonium N⁺R⁵R⁶R¹² with substituents as specified under formula Ias described above. These may be attached e.g. via a propargylen linkerto the base and enhance the sensitivity of MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy(MALDI-TOF: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight)in the positive or negative mode. The substituents of the ammonium groupare preferably introduced into the oligonucleotide via post-labelling,i.e. binding compounds can be postlabeled with reporter groups when asuitable reactive group is introduced during oligonucleotide synthesis,for example, an amino group protected in the oligonucleotide synthesisprecursor with a phthaloyl group.

Direct labelling can be effected by covalent coupling of a nucleic acidbinding compound to a reactive group on the solid phase, i.e. preferablyvia a linker. Indirect labelling can be made similar as disclosed abovefor the detectable groups. Preferably, indirect attachment isnon-covalently by biospecific interactions, for example those selectedfrom the group of hapten-antibody, vitamin-receptor and nucleicacid-complementary nucleic acid. Again, those interactions and their usein nucleic acid assays is known to a man skilled in the art.

Solid phases that are useful for immobilization of the probe accordingto the invention are preferably selected from the group of polystyrene,polyethylene, polypropylene, glass, SiO₂ and TiO₂. The formats of suchsolid phases can be selected according to the needs of theinstrumentation and format of the assay. For example, a solid phase mayassume the form of a bead or a vessel.

The most popular backbone is the naturally occurring sugar phosphatebackbone of nucleic acids containing either ribonucleoside subunits(RNA) or deoxyribonucleoside subunits (DNA). Therefore, in a preferredembodiment, the backbone of the nucleic acid binding compound comprisesphosphodiester linkages and ribose. In the last years, there weredescriptions of nucleic binding compounds that have similar propertieslike oligonucleotides, but differ in their backbone, which havestructures formed from any and all means of chemically linkingnucleotides in contrast to the natural occuring phosphodiester ribosebackbone. Therefore, it is evident that the invention would still work,even if the backbone of the nucleic acid binding compound is not anoligonucleotide in the strict sense, i.e. it has a modified backbone.The backbone may include e.g. phosphorothioates, methyl phosphonates,phosphoramidates and phosphorotriesters linkages. Peptide nucleic acidsalso have unnatural linkages. The modifications in the backbone may varythe properties of the nucleic acid binding compound, i.e. it may enhancestability and affinity. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, thenucleic acid binding compounds are those, wherein the backbone comprisesone or more moieties of the general formula II

-   -   wherein    -   A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, CH₂,        N—CO—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,    -   L is selected from the group consisting of oxy, sulfanediyl,        —CH₂— and —NR²²—,    -   T is selected from the group consisting of oxo, thioxo and        selenoxo,    -   U is selected from the group consisting of —OH, O⁻, —O-reporter        group, —SH, —S reporter group —SeH, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy,        (C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl, —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,        —NR²³R²⁴, and —(—O-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-)_(n)—R²⁵, wherein n can be        any integer between 1 and 6, or wherein —NR²³R²⁴ can together        with N be a 5-6-membered heterocyclic ring,    -   V is selected from the group consisting of oxy, sulfanediyl,        —CH₂—, or —NR²²—,    -   R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH,        —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, -(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy,        -halogen, -azido, —O-allyl, —O-alkinyl, and —NH₂,    -   R²² is independently selected from the group of —H and        —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,    -   R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting        of —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₁-C₂₀)-aryl,        —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,        —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-[NH(CH₂)_(c)]_(d)—NR²⁶R²⁷ and a reporter group,    -   R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, -halogen,        -amino, —(C₁-C₁₈)-alkylamino, —COOH, —CONH₂ and        —COO(C₁-C₄)-alkyl and a reporter group,    -   R²⁶ and R²⁷ are independently selected from the group consisting        from —H, —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, and —(C₁-C₄)-alkoxy-(C₁-C₆)-alkyl and a        reporter group,    -   c is an integer from 2 to 6,    -   d is an integer from 0 to 6, and    -   B is a moiety of formula I

-   -   wherein    -   R1 is independent from X, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of        -   (1) —F, —Cl, —Br or —I,        -   (2) Nitro        -   (3) Cyano        -   (4) —COO—        -   (5) —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl substituted according to (10)        -   (6) —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl substituted according to (10)        -   (7) —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyl substituted according to (10)        -   (8) —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl substituted according to (10)        -   (9) —W—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —W—(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl,            —W—(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyl, —W—(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl or W—H, wherein W=—S—,            —O—, —NH—, —S—S—, —CO—, —COO—, —CO—NH—, —NH—CO—, —NH—CO—NH—,            —NH—CS—NH—, —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and s are,            independently of each other, an integer between 1 to 18 and            n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   (10) substituents (5) to (9) wherein any alkyl, alkenyl,            alkynyl or aryl can be substituted by one or more moieties            selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —NO2,            —CN, —S—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —OR 12, —COR11,            —NH—CO—NR5R6, —NH—CS—NR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12, OR12, and —SR12            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkinyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group, a group which facilitates                intracellular uptake or a group that, when the nucleic                acid binding compound hybridizes to its complementary                nucleic acid, attacks the latter while binding,                cross-linking or cleaving,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (5)            to (10) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   with the proviso that R5, R6 or R12 is not a reporter group            if the radicals (5) to (7) are substituted by —NR5R6, NHR12,            OR12, or SR12;    -   R2, R3 is independent from X, R1, R2 and R3 and is selected from        the group of,        -   (1)—H        -   (2)(C1-C10)-alkyl,        -   (3)(C2-C10)-alkenyl,        -   (4) (C2-C10)-alkynyl,        -   (5)(C6-C22)-aryl,        -   (6) —Z—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —Z—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —Z—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —Z—(C6-C22)-aryl or Z—H, wherein            Z=—CO—, —CO—NH—, —CS—NH—, —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and            s are, independently of each other, an integer between 1 to            18 and n is 1 or 2 independently from r and s,        -   (7)substituents (2) to (6)            -   wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl can be                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —NO₂, —OR12, —CN, —SH,                —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —COR11,                —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6,                r and s are independently of each other an integer of                from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12 and OR12,            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)— alkynyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl                and a reporter group,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (2)            to (7) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s;    -   X is independent from R1, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of N and CH; and        -   D is the position of attachment of the group to the rest of            the nucleic acid binding compound            or any salts thereof.

The preferred definitions of the groups as defined under formula I applyto formula II and the following formulae, if not indicated otherwise.

Preferably, in compounds of formula II, R¹⁴ is hydrogen. Preferreddefinition of L is oxy. Preferred definition of U is —OH and —O-reportergroup. Preferred definition of V is oxy. Preferred definition of c is aninteger from 2 to 4, and of d an integer from 0 to 2. Compounds offormula II are especially suited to contain the heterocyclic moiety ofthe invention as an integrated part (preferably not at one of thetermini) of the nucleic acid binding compound. The group NR²³R²⁴ ispreferably selected from the group consisting of dialkylamino groups. Incase of this group together with the forming of 5- or 6-memberedheterocyclic ring, it assumes preferably the definition of morpholinyl,pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl.

In a further preferred embodiment, the sugar configuration is selectedfrom the group consisting of the α-D-, β-D-, α-L- andβ-L-configurations, most preferred the compound contains at least one2′-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl moiety or one β-D-ribofuranosylmoiety. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, D is the glycosidC-1 of a sugar moiety of the compound according to the invention.

In another embodiment of the invention the sugar is in a lockedconformation. LNA (Locked Nucleic Acid) is a novel class of nucleic acidanalogue. LNA oligomers obey the Watson-Crick base pairing rules andhybridize to complementary oligonucleotides. However, when compared toDNA and other nucleic acid derivatives, LNA provides vastly improvedhybridization performance. LNA/DNA or LNA/RNA duplexes are much morethermally stable than the similar duplexes formed by DNA or RNA. Infact, LNA has the highest affinity towards complementary DNA and RNAever to be reported. In general, the thermal stability of a LNA/DNAduplex is increased 3° C. to 8° C. per modified base in the oligo.Within the fields of general molecular biology and moleculardiagnostics, five major fields for the application of LNA have beenidentified which are capture probes, sample preparation, detection ofSNP's (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms), allele specific PCR, andhybridization probes, Molecular Beacons, Padlock probes, Taqman probes(WO92/02638 and corresponding U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,210,015, 5,804,375,5,487,972) and probes for in-situ hybridizations. In most respects, LNAmay be handled like DNA. LNA is at least as stable as DNA and is solublein aqueous buffers. LNA can be ethanol precipitated, dried andresuspended, and can be analyzed on gels, HPLC and MALDI-TOF. LNAs arenovel nucleic acid analogs that can dramatically increase theperformance of not only diagnostic assays that probe and evaluategenetic information but also of antisense and other genetic medicineapproaches. These analogs, which can be utilized in most applicationsjust like their natural counterparts, lock the nucleic acid into themost productive conformation for hybridization. Hybridization, orcomplementary docking of genetic probes, is the predominant form ofevaluation of genetic information in diagnostics. A broad variety ofapplications for LNA have been developed including a number of extremelysensitive and specific assays able to detect specific disease-causingsingle base mutations in an individual's genes In the detection of SNPs(Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms), which are the small variations in ourgenes, that may cause a predisposition to disease, there are data toshow that LNA capture probes of only eight nucleotides in length areable to more effectively discriminate between mutated and wildtype genesin a sample than much longer conventional nucleic acid capture probes.Therefore the invention also contemplates compounds according to theinvention wherein e.g. at least one atom of the sugar moiety e.g. acarbon or an oxygen atom is connected to at least one other atom of thesugar moiety via at least one bridging moiety containing at least oneatom whereby a conformationally constrained sugar is formed as outlinedabove. Thereby the sugar is fixed in a locked conformation.

For the synthesis of the compounds according to the invention, thereader is referred to Chemistry of Nucleosides and Nucleotides Part 1,edited by L. B. Townsend, Plenum Press New York (1988), Chapter 2:Synthesis and Properties of Purine Nucleosides and Nucleotides, page113-281 or to U.S. Pat. No. 5,594,121. However, more information isprovided below.

Different chemical structures can be used in the backbone of the nucleicacid binding compound. The expert skilled in the field appreciates thefact that the nucleic acid binding compound may also possess a modified3′-end. Therefore, a preferred subject of the invention is a nucleicacid binding compound as outlined above, wherein the backbone comprisesone or more moieties of the general formula III, wherein t is 0 or 1,

-   -   wherein in the case that t=1,        -   A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, CH₂ and            N—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl,        -   M is selected from the group consisting of oxy, sulfanediyl,            —NR²²—, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-, or —O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—, and            —S—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O— and —NR²²—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—,        -   R²² is selected from the group of —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, a            protecting group and a reporter group,        -   R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH,            —(C₁-C₃)-alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)-allyl, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy,            —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyloxy, —(O—CH₂)_(n)—            wherein n may be an integer of from 1 to 18, -halogen,            -azido, SH, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkylmercapto, O-reporter group,            O-solid phase and —NH₂,        -   R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H,            —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)— alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyl,            —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkyl-carbonyl, —(C₃-C₁₉)-alkenyl-carbonyl,            —(C₃-C₁₉)-alkynyl-carbonyl, —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, a            solid phase and a group of formula IV

-   -   -   -   wherein            -   T is selected from the group consisting of oxo, thioxo                and selenoxo, and            -   U is selected from the group consisting of —OH, O⁻,                —O-reporter group, —SH, —SeH, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy,                —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl,                —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —NR²³R²⁴, and                —(—O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-)—R²⁵, wherein N can be any integer                between 1 and 6, or wherein NR²³R²⁴ can together with N                be a 5-6-membered heterocyclic ring,            -   R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from the group                consisting of —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₁-C₂₀)-aryl,                —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,                —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-[NH(CH₂)_(c)]_(d)—NR²⁶R²⁷,

        -   R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH,            -halogen, -amino, —(C₁-C₁₈)-alkylamino, —COOH, —CONH₂ and            —COO(C₁-C₄)-alkyl,

        -   R²⁶ and R²⁷ are independently selected from the group            consisting from —H, —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, and            —(C₁-C₄)-alkoxy-(C₁-C₆)-alkyl

        -   R²⁹ is selected from the group consisting of —OR³⁰ and            —SR³⁰,

        -   R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of —H,            —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl, a            protecting group, a solid phase and a reporter group

        -   c is an integer from 2 to 6,

        -   d is an integer from 0 to 6, and

        -   B is a moiety of formula I

-   -   wherein    -   R1 is independent from X, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of        -   (1) —F, —Cl, —Br or —I,        -   (2) Nitro        -   (3) Cyano        -   (4) —COO—        -   (5) —(C1-C10)-alkyl substituted according to (10)        -   (6) —(C2-C10)-alkenyl substituted according to (10)        -   (7) —(C2-C10)-alkynyl substituted according to (10)        -   (8) —(C6-C22)-aryl substituted according to (10)        -   (9) —W—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —W—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —W—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —W—(C6-C22)-aryl or W—H, wherein W=—S—,            —O—, —NH—, —S—S—, —CO—, —COO—, —CO—NH—, —NH—CO—, —NH—CO—NH—,            —NH—CS—NH—, —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and s are,            independently of each other, an integer between 1 to 18 and            n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   (10) substituents (5) to (9) wherein any alkyl, alkenyl,            alkynyl or aryl can be substituted by one or more moieties            selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —NO2,            —CN, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —OR12, —COR11,            —NH—CO—NR5R6, —NH—CS—NR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12, OR12, and —SR12            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkinyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group, a group which facilitates                intracellular uptake or a group that, when the nucleic                acid binding compound hybridizes to its complementary                nucleic acid, attacks the latter while binding,                cross-linking or cleaving,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (5)            to (10) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s, with the            proviso that R5, R6 or R12 is not a reporter group if the            radicals (5) to (7) are substituted by —NR5R6, NHR12, OR12,            or SR12;    -   R2, R3 is independent from X, R1, R2 and R3 and is selected from        the group of,        -   (1)—H        -   (2)(C1-C10)-alkyl,        -   (3)(C2-C10)-alkenyl,        -   (4) (C2-C10)-alkynyl,        -   (5)(C6-C22)-aryl,        -   (6) —Z—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —Z—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —Z—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —Z—(C6-C22)-aryl or Z-H, wherein            Z=—CO—, —CO—NH—, —CS—NH—, —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and            s are, independently of each other, an integer between 1 to            18 and n is 1 or 2 independently from r and s,        -   (7)substituents (2) to (6)            -   wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl can be                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —NO2, —OR12, —CN, —SH,                —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —COR11,                —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6,                r and s are independently of each other an integer of                from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12 and OR12,            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (2)            to (7) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s;    -   X is independent from R1, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of N and CH; and        -   D is the position of attachment of the group to the rest of            the nucleic acid binding compound            and wherein in the case that t=0, R¹⁵ is —H,            or any salts thereof.

For the definitions and preferences the particulars apply as outlinedfor the substituents under formulae I and II, if not specified otherwisespecifically for formula III. In a preferred embodiment the 3′-endpossesses a 2′,3′-didesoxyribose, i.e. wherein t=0, R¹⁵ is —H and R¹⁴ is—H, or an analogue thereof. This is of interest if an enzymaticaltermination is necessary when the nucleic acid binding compoundaccording to the invention is extended with triphosphate compounds alsooccurring in nature as the triphosphates of adenosine, guanosine,uridin, cytidine or thymidine or the desoxyderivates of thetriphosphates of adenosine, guanosine, cytidine or thymidine. However,the invention also relates to the extension of primers containing onlynucleotides occurring in nature or nucleic acid binding compoundsaccording to the invention with triphosphate compounds according to theinvention with the general formula VIII.

Nucleic acid binding compounds, wherein the group of formula I isattached to subunits, for example the nucleotide, at the 3′-terminus ofthe compound, are useful either as starting compound for the synthesisof longer compounds or/and as end-labeled probes. This group ofcompounds is especially preferred because the terminal position ofprobes generally is the most tolerant in view of attachment of chemicalmoieties.

In view of the modifications to the 3′-end of the nucleic acid bindingcompound, it is evident that also the 5′-end of the nucleic acid bindingcompound may be modified. Therefore, another preferred subject of theinvention is a nucleic acid binding compound as outlined abovecomprising a backbone moiety of the formula V

-   -   wherein    -   A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, CH₂ and        N—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl,    -   M′ is selected from the group consisting of oxy, sulfanediyl,        —NR²²—, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, or —O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—, and        —S—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O— and —NR²²—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—,    -   R²² is selected from the group of —H, a protecting group, a        reporter group and —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,    -   R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH,        —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyloxy,        -halogen, azido, —SH, —S—(C₁-C₆)-alkylmercapto, O-reporter        group, O-solid phase and NH₂,    -   R¹⁶ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C₁-C₈)-alkyl,        —(C₂-C₁₈)-alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₈)-alkynyl, —(C₂-C₁₈)-alkyl-carbonyl,        —(C₃-C₁₉)-alkenyl-carbonyl, —(C₃-C₁₉)-alkynyl-carbonyl,        —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₈)-alkyl, a protective group or a compound        of formula IV    -   wherein

-   -   T is selected from the group consisting of oxo, thioxo and        selenoxo,    -   U is selected from the group consisting of —OH, —SH, —SeH,        —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl,        —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —NR²³R²⁴,        and-(—O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-)—R²⁵, wherein n can be any integer        between 1 and 6, wherein NR²³R²⁴ can together with N be a        5-6-membered heterocyclic ring,    -   R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting        of —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₁-C₂₀)-aryl,        —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,        —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-[NH(CH₂)_(c)]_(d)—NR²⁶R²⁷,    -   R²⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, -halogen,        -amino, —(C₁-C₁₈)-alkylamino, —COOH, —CONH₂ and        —COO(C₁-C₄)-alkyl,    -   R²⁶ and R²⁷ are independently selected from the group consisting        from —H, —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, and —(C₁-C₄)-alkoxy-(C₁-C₆)-alkyl    -   R²⁹ is selected from the group consisting of —OR³⁰ and —SR³⁰,    -   R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of —H,        —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl, a protecting        group, a solid phase and a reporter group, and    -   c is an integer from 2 to 6,    -   d is an integer from 0 to 6, and    -   B is a moiety of formula I

-   -   wherein    -   R1 is independent from X, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of        -   (1) —F, —Cl, —Br or —I,        -   (2) Nitro        -   (3) Cyano        -   (4) —COO—        -   (5) —(C1-C10)-alkyl substituted according to (10)        -   (6) —(C2-C10)-alkenyl substituted according to (10)        -   (7) —(C2-C10)-alkynyl substituted according to (10)        -   (8) —(C6-C22)-aryl substituted according to (10)        -   (9) —W—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —W—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —W—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —W—(C6-C22)-aryl or W—H, wherein W=—S—,            —O—, —NH—, —S—S—, —CO—, —COO—, —CO—NH—, —NH—CO—, —NH—CO—NH—,            —NH—CS—NH—, —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and s are,            independently of each other, an integer between 1 to 18 and            n is 0 or I independently from r and s,        -   (10) substituents (5) to (9) wherein any alkyl, alkenyl,            alkynyl or aryl can be substituted by one or more moieties            selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —NO2,            —CN, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —OR12, —COR11,            —NH—CO—NR5R6, —NH—CS—NR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12, OR12, and —SR12            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkinyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group, a group which facilitates                intracellular uptake or a group that, when the nucleic                acid binding compound hybridizes to its complementary                nucleic acid, attacks the latter while binding,                cross-linking or cleaving,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (5)            to (10) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s, with the            proviso that R5, R6 or R12 is not a reporter group if the            radicals (5) to (7) are substituted by —NR5R6, NHR12, OR12,            or SR12;    -   R2, R3 is independent from X, R1, R2 and R3 and is selected from        the group of,        -   (1)—H        -   (2)(C1-C10)-alkyl,        -   (3)(C2-C10)-alkenyl,        -   (4) (C2-C10)-alkynyl,        -   (5)(C6-C22)-aryl,        -   (6) —Z—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —Z—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —Z—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —Z—(C6-C22)-aryl or Z-H, wherein            Z=—CO—, —CO—NH—, —CS—NH—, —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and            s are, independently of each other, an integer between 1 to            18 and n is 1 or 2 independently from r and s,        -   (7)substituents (2) to (6)            -   wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl can be                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —NO₂, —OR12, —CN, —SH,                —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —COR11,                —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6,                r and s are independently of each other an integer of                from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12 and OR12,            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (2)            to (7) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s;    -   X is independent from R1, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of N and CH; and        -   D is the position of attachment of the group to the rest of            the nucleic acid binding compound    -   and any salts thereof.

A very preferred compound is a compound of formula V, wherein M′ is O,R¹⁶ is H and R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen andhydroxyl.

Those compounds can for example be used as 5′-terminally labeled probes.Regarding the definitions of the substituents, the definitions as givenabove apply if not indicated otherwise.

The backbone of the nucleic acid binding compound has the function tobear the base pairing heterocycles such that the compound can bind to anucleic acid having a complementary sequence. Preferably, the degree ofcomplementarity in the naturally occurring bases will be in the rangefrom 70% up to 100% in a stretch of bases in a region effecting binding,compared to the stretch of same length in the region of the nucleic acidto be bound. Deletions and insertions of subunits in each sequence willtherefor, in this calculation, be counted as gaps until the next fittingbase and thus reduce complementarity by as many bases as the gapcontains.

Preferred backbone contains sugar-phosphate moieties. From these, deoxysugar containing backbones are further preferred.

Each moiety in the backbone bearing a moiety capable of base pairing toa nucleic acid of complementary sequence, including the moieties of theinvention, are termed a subunit. Compounds are known that have backbonesmixed of different kinds of subunits. Recently, a new kind ofnon-natural nucleic acid binding compounds was described. They aretermed Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNA), as they contain at least one peptidebond between the subunits (WO 92/20702). The nucleic acid bindingcompound of the present invention can have any length. However, due tothe convenience of chemical synthesis, compounds of a length of lessthan 100, more preferably from 10 to 30 subunits, for examplenucleosides, are preferred.

Altering the thermal stability (T_(m)) of a duplex formed between anucleic acid binding compound according to the invention, e.g. used as aprobe, and a second nucleic acid binding compound using the heterocyclicgroups according to the invention and other analogues allows foroptimization of duplex stability and mismatch discrimination (see e.g.Kwok, Shirley; Chang, Sheng Yung; Sninsky, John J.; Wang, Alice. A guideto the design and use of mismatched and degenerate primers. PCR MethodsAppl. (1994), 3(4), 39-47). One useful aspect of altering the T_(m)arises from the fact that Adenine-Thymine (A-T) duplexes have a lowerT_(m) than Guanine-Cytosine (G-C) duplexes, due in part to the fact thatthe A-T duplexes have 2 hydrogen bonds per base-pair, while the G-Cduplexes have 3 hydrogen bonds per base pair. For example inheterogeneous oligonucleotide arrays, in which there is a non-uniformdistribution of bases, it can be difficult to optimize hybridizationconditions for all probes simultaneously. Thus, in some embodiments, itis desirable to destabilize G-C-rich duplexes and/or to increase thestability of A-T-rich duplexes while maintaining the sequencespecificity of hybridization. This results in a harmonization orequalization of the contribution of each base pair to the meltingtemperature of a duplex. This is accomplished, e.g. by replacing one ormore of the heterocyclic groups in the nucleic acid binding compoundused as a probe (or as the target nucleic acid) with certain modified,non-standard bases. Therefore, in another embodiment, the inventionrelates to nucleic acid binding compounds according to the inventionwherein the nucleic acid binding compounds in addition to a heterocyclicgroup of formula I further contain a heterocyclic group different fromthe group of the general formula I, i.e. at least one other heterocyclicgroup. Substitution of guanine residues with 7-deazaguanine, forexample, will generally destabilize duplexes, whereas substitutingadenine residues with 2,6-diaminopurine will enhance duplex stability. Avariety of other modified bases are also incorporated into nucleic acidsto enhance or decrease overall duplex stability while maintainingspecificity of hybridization. The incorporation of 6-aza-pyrimidineanalogs into oligonucleotide probes generally decreases their bindingaffinity for complementary nucleic acids. Many 5-substituted pyrimidinessubstantially increase the stability of hybrids in which they have beensubstituted in place of the native pyrimidines in the sequence. Examplesinclude 5-bromo-, 5-methyl-, 5-propynyl-, 5-(imidazol-2-yl)-and5-(thiazol-2-yl)-derivatives of cytosine and uracil. Preferably theadditional heterocyclic group is a pyrrolo-[2,3-d]-pyrimidine or apyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidine or an analogue thereof, in particular thesaid analogues of adenine or guanine. It should be emphasized that theinvention also relates to the case where all other heterocyclic groupsare those occurring in nature as adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosin orthymin. Many modified nucleosides, nucleotides and various basessuitable for incorporation into nucleosides are commercially availablefrom a variety of manufacturers, including the SIGMA chemical company(Saint Louis, Mo.), R&D systems (Minneapolis, Minn.), Pharmacia LKBBiotechnology (Piscataway, N.J.), CLONTECH Laboratories, Inc. (PaloAlto, Calif.), Chem Genes Corp., Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee,Wis.), Glen Research, Inc., GIBCO BRL Life Technologies, Inc.(Gaithersberg, Md.), Fluka Chemica-Biochemika Analytika (Fluka ChemieAG, Buchs, Switzerland), Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif., and AppliedBiosystems (Foster City, Calif.), as well as many other commercialsources known to one of skill. Methods of attaching bases to sugarmoieties to form nucleosides are known. See, e.g., Lukevics and Zablocka(1991), Nucleoside Synthesis: Organosilicon Methods Ellis HorwoodLimited Chichester, West Sussex, England and the references therein.Methods of phosphorylating nucleosides to form nucleotides, and ofincorporating nucleotides into oligonucleotides are also known. See,e.g., Agrawal (ed) (1993) Protocols for Oligonucleotides and Analogues,Synthesis and Properties, Methods in Molecular Biology volume 20, HumanaPress, Towota, N.J., and the references therein. See also, Crooke andLebleu, and Sanghvi and Cook, and the references cited therein, bothsupra.

In yet another embodiment, the invention relates to nucleic acid bindingcompounds according to the invention wherein the nucleic acid bindingcompound according to the invention further contains at the 3′-end inaddition to a heterocyclic group of formula I a heterocyclic groupdifferent from the group of the general formula I, i.e. at least oneother heterocyclic group. Preferably, the nucleic acid binding compoundaccording to the invention additionally comprises a heterocyclic groupwhich is a pyrrolo-[2,3-d]-pyrimidine or a pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidine oran analogue thereof, preferably the said analogues of guanine oradenine.

The invention further contemplates the binding product of a nucleic acidbinding compound according to the invention and a second nucleic acidbinding compound, the nucleic acid binding compound according to theinvention and the second nucleic acid binding compound being bound toeach other by base pairing in parallel or antiparallel orientation. Inaddition to heterocyclic groups with formula I with substituents asdefined above, the nucleic acid binding compound according to theinvention may contain other natural nucleobase or nucleobases notoccurring in nature as e.g. nucleobases with heterocyclic groupsaccording to the invention, heterocyclic groups aspyrrolo-[2,3-d]-pyrimidine or pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidine or analoguesthereof, preferably the said analogues of guanine or adenine or7-deaza-guanine. Further non-natural heterocyclic groups are known tothe person skilled in the art.

Another embodiment of the invention is a nucleic acid binding compoundwherein the heterocyclic group of formula I as defined above isincorporated to compensate for a decrease of the melting point createdby the attachment of the reporter groups, preferably 1 to 5 nucleotidesseparated from the nucleotide to which a reporter group is attached.This is because a reporter group leads to disturbations of thehybridization efficiency of a nucleic acid binding compound close to thepoint or nucleotide whereto the reporter group is attached.

Another embodiment of the invention is a nucleic acid binding compoundwherein the heterocyclic group of formula I as defined above isincorporated to compensate for a decrease of the melting point createdby mismatches discrimination. This problem has been discussed by Kwok,Shirley; Chang, Sheng Yung; Sninsky, John J.; Wang, Alice. A guide tothe design and use of mismatched and degenerate primers. PCR MethodsAppl. (1994), 3(4), 39-47. This is particularly useful for theamplification of viral subtypes where the hybridization stretch does notcontain complementary bases over the total length of the stretch.

In an embodiment, the invention relates to nucleic acid bindingcompounds according to the invention wherein a protecting groupsubstitutes one or two hydrogen atoms of a —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH-alkyl,—NH-alkenylene, —NH— alkynylene, or a NH-aryl group, although it ispreferred that the nucleic acid binding compounds according to theinvention only contain a few protecting groups or even none.

One particular preferred embodiment, is the use of the nucleic acidbinding compounds in field of arrays of nucleic acid binding compoundsbound to a solid surface (see e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,143,854, 6,022,963,6,156,501, WO90/15070, WO 92/10092), which has the properties asdescribed in these references and can be manufactured as describedtherein or by Niemeyer and Blohm (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38,2865-2869). Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, the invention relatesto a composition for analyzing interactions between nucleic acid bindingcompounds whereby one nucleic acid binding compound is a target nucleicacid. The composition comprises an array of a plurality of nucleic acidbinding compounds having different sequences, wherein said plurality ofnucleic acid binding compounds are coupled to a solid substrate at knownlocations and are selected to bind to complementary nucleic acid bindingcompounds or target nucleic acids whereby only the nucleic acid bindingcompounds or the nucleic acid binding compounds and the complementarynucleic acid binding compounds (or target nucleic acids) together arenucleic acid binding compounds comprising a backbone, said backbonehaving attached heterocyclic groups capable of base pairing tonucleobases, wherein a heterocyclic group is a substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or an analogue thereof. Different kinds ofsupports are possible as e.g. nonporous supports or other solid supportsless porous than typical peptide synthesis supports; however, forcertain applications of the invention, quite porous beads, resins, orother supports work well and are often preferable. One such support is aresin in the form of beads. In general, the bead size is in the range of1 nm to 100 μm, but a more massive solid support of up to 1 mm in sizemay sometimes be used. Particularly preferred resins include resin (apolystyrene resin available from Bachem Bioscience, Switzerland); andTentaGel S AC, TentaGel PHB, or TentaGel S NH₂ resin(polystyrene-polyethylene glycol copolymer resins available from RappePolymere, Tubingen, Germany). Other preferred supports are commerciallyavailable and described by Novabiochem, La Jolla, Calif. In otherembodiments, the solid substrate is flat, or alternatively, may take onalternative surface configurations. For example, the solid substrate maycontain raised or depressed regions on which synthesis takes place or iscoated with porous SiO₂/glass. In some embodiments, the solid substratewill be chosen to provide appropriate light-absorbing characteristics.For example, the substrate may be a polymerized Langmuir Blodgett film,functionalized glass, Si, Ge, GaAs, GaP, SiO₂, SiN₄, modified silicon,or any one of a variety of gels or polymers such as(poly)tetrafluorethylene, (poly)vinylidendifluoride, polystyrene,polycarbonate, or combinations thereof. Other suitable solid substratematerial will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art.Preferably, the surface of the solid substrate will contain reactivegroups, which could be carboxyl, amino, hydroxyl, thiol, or the like.More preferably, the surface will be optically transparent and will havesurface Si—OH functionalities, such as are found on silica surfaces.Particularly preferred is therefore a composition, wherein the solidsubstrate is selected from the group consisting of silica, polymericmaterials, glass, porous glass, beads, chips, and slides.

Preferred is a composition according to the invention wherein only thenucleic acid binding compounds or the nucleic acid binding compounds andthe complementary nucleic acid binding compounds (or target nucleicacid) are nucleic acid binding compounds according to the invention,i.e. they contain a heterocyclic group with formula I as describedabove. The complementary nucleic acid binding compounds (or targetnucleic acid) may contain a heterocyclic group according to formula I asdescribed above when they are amplified with e.g. the polymerase chainreaction in the presence of a triphosphate according to the inventioncontaining a heterocyclic group of formula I as described above.

Preferred is a composition according to the invention, wherein thenucleic acid binding compounds comprise a backbone, said backbone havingattached heterocyclic groups capable of base pairing to nucleobasescharacterized in that a heterocyclic groups is a substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or an analogue thereof. In a preferredembodiment the substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or an analoguethereof is a substituted 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine or aderivative thereof or a 7-substituted 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purineor a derivative thereof. In another embodiment of the invention thesubstituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue is a substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue of adenine or guanine or a7-substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue of adenine or guanine,wherein the adenine or guanine analogues may preferably carry the samesubstituents R¹ in the 7-position or N-substituents R² and R³ as set outdirectly below for the substituted 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine or aderivative thereof or a 7-substituted 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purineor a derivative thereof.

In a very preferred embodiment of the invention the substituted7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine or a derivative thereof or the7-substituted 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine or a derivative thereofhas the general formula I

-   -   R1 is independent from X, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of        -   (1) —F, —Cl, —Br or —I,        -   (2) Nitro        -   (3) Cyano        -   (4) —COO—        -   (5) —(C1-C10)-alkyl substituted according to (10)        -   (6) —(C2-C10)-alkenyl substituted according to (10)        -   (7) —(C2-C10)-alkynyl substituted according to (10)        -   (8) —(C6-C22)-aryl substituted according to (10)        -   (9) —W—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —W—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —W—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —W—(C6-C22)-aryl or W—H, wherein W=—S—,            —O—, —NH—, —S—S—, —CO—, —COO—, —CO—NH—, —NH—CO—, —NH—CO—NH—,            —NH—CS—NH—, —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and s are,            independently of each other, an integer between 1 to 18 and            n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   (10) substituents (5) to (9) wherein any alkyl, alkenyl,            alkynyl or aryl can be substituted by one or more moieties            selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —NO2,            —CN, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —OR12, —COR11,            —NH—CO—NR5R6, —NH—CS—NR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12, OR12, and —SR12            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkinyl, -(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl and                a reporter group, a group which facilitates                intracellular uptake or a group that, when the nucleic                acid binding compound hybridizes to its complementary                nucleic acid, attacks the latter while binding,                cross-linking or cleaving,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (5)            to (10) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s, with the            proviso that R5, R6 or R12 is not a reporter group if the            radicals (5) to (7) are substituted by —NR5R6, NHR12, OR12,            or SR12;    -   R2, R3 is independent from X, R1, R2 and R3 and is selected from        the group of,        -   (1)—H        -   (2)(C1-C10)-alkyl,        -   (3)(C2-C 10)-alkenyl,        -   (4) (C2-C10)-alkynyl,        -   (5)(C6-C22)-aryl,        -   (6) —Z—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —Z—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —Z—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —Z—(C6-C22)-aryl or Z-H, wherein            Z=—CO—, —CO—NH—, —CS—NH—, —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and            s are, independently of each other, an integer between 1 to            18 and n is 1 or 2 independently from r and s,        -   (7)substituents (2) to (6)            -   wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl can be                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —NO₂, —OR12, —CN, —SH,                —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —COR11,                —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and                —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)_(r)]s—NR5R6, r and s are independently                of each other an integer of from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1                independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12 and OR12,            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (2)            to (7) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s;    -   X is independent from R¹, R² or R³ and is selected from the        group consisting of N and CH    -   D is the position of attachment of the group to the rest of the        nucleic acid binding compound.

In a very preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid binding compound is anucleic acid binding compound according to the invention, preferablyR¹=Br or R¹ =I. Further preferred is a composition which comprises anarray of nucleic acid binding compounds 5 to 20 nucleotides in length.

The invention is further related to a binding product of a first nucleicacid binding compound according to the invention or a compositionaccording to the invention with a second nucleic acid binding compoundor a second a nucleic acid binding compound according to the invention,wherein the first nucleic acid binding compound or the composition andthe second nucleic acid binding compound being bound to each other bybase pairing in parallel or antiparallel orientation.

The invention is further related to methods for the synthesis of thenucleic acid binding compounds according to the invention and tocompounds useful in these methods. The nucleic acid binding compound ofthe present invention can be prepared in solution or, preferably, on asolid phase, where appropriate using an automatic synthesis device. Theoligomers can be assembled stepwise by successively condensing amononucleotide, which in each case possesses a nucleotide base, onto anappropriately derivatized support or onto a growing oligomer chain.Alternatively, the nucleic acid binding compounds can be assembled byjoining dinucleotides or trinucleotides together [S. Beaucage et al.,Tetrahedron, 48 (12), 2223-2311, (1992); and Tetrahedron, 48 (28),6123-6194, (1993)]. This is particularly advanteous when synthesizingoligonucleotides which possess modified phosphate bridges.

The oligonucleotides are assembled using methods which are known to theperson skilled in the art, such as the triester method, theH-phosphonate method or the phosphoramidite method [E. Sonveaux, (1986),Bioorganic Chemistry, 14, 274-325; S. L. Beaucage et al., (1992),Tetrahedron, 48, 2223-2311].

The compounds according to the present invention can be advantageouslyused in oligonucleotide synthesis as the ammonia hydrolysis of theprotecting groups of the pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine nucleosides isquicker than the slow ammonia hydrolysis of 2-amino-adenosine whichtakes several days.

A further subject of the invention is therefore a method for thechemical synthesis of nucleic acid binding compounds of the presentinvention using activated subunits, wherein said subunit contains agroup of formula I. The most preferred method of chemical synthesis usesthe phosphoramidite approach. A particularly preferred method uses aactivated subunit one or more compounds of general formula VII. Thismethod has the advantage that it is very convenient and the reagentsnecessary, for example a phosphoramidite containing a group of formulaI, are possible to be included easily.

A further subject of the invention are therefore compounds of thegeneral formula VII

-   -   wherein    -   A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, CH₂ and        N-(C₁-C₆)-alkyl,    -   M and M′ are independently selected from the group consisting of        oxy, sulfanediyl, —NR²², —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, or        —O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—, and —S—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O— and        —NR²²—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—,    -   R²² is selected from the group of —H and —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,    -   R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OR³¹,        —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyloxy,        -halogen, -azido, NHR³¹, SR³¹,    -   R³¹ is a protecting group or a reporter group,    -   R³² and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the group consisting        of —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl, or        wherein NR³²R¹⁷ can form together with N a 5-6-membered        heterocyclic ring,    -   R¹⁸ is selected from the group consisting of        —(C₂-C₆)-alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted        —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, unsubstituted —(C₁-C₆)-alkoxy or —(C₁-C₆)-alkoxy        substituted one or more times by a group selected from the group        consisting of -halogen, p-nitroaryloxy and -cyano, and    -   B is a group of formula I

-   -   R1 is independent from X, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of        -   (1) —F, —Cl, —Br or —I,        -   (2) Nitro        -   (3) Cyano        -   (4) —COO—        -   (5) —(C1-C10)-alkyl substituted according to (10)        -   (6) —(C2-C10)-alkenyl substituted according to (10)        -   (7) —(C2-C10)-alkynyl substituted according to (10)        -   (8) —(C6-C22)-aryl substituted according to (10)        -   (9) —W—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —W—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —W—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —W—(C6-C22)-aryl or W—H, wherein W=—S—,            —O—, —NH—, —S—S—, —CO—, —COO—, —CO—NH—, —NH—CO—, —NH—CO—NH—,            —NH—CS—NH—, —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and s are,            independently of each other, an integer between 1 to 18 and            n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   (10) substituents (5) to (9) wherein any alkyl, alkenyl,            alkynyl or aryl can be substituted by one or more moieties            selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —NO2,            —CN, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —OR12, —COR11,            —NH—CO—NR5R6, —NH—CS—NR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12, OR12, and —SR12            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkinyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group, a group which facilitates                intracellular uptake or a group that, when the nucleic                acid binding compound hybridizes to its complementary                nucleic acid, attacks the latter while binding,                cross-linking or cleaving,

-   -   -   -   wherein Nuc is the link to formula I and n is any                integer from 1 to 18 said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or                aryl in substituents (5) to (10) being unsubstituted or                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl,                —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11, —NH—CONR5R6,                —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r and s are                independently of each other an integer of from 1 to 18                and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,

        -   with the proviso that R5, R6 or R12 is not a reporter group            if the radicals (5) to (7) are substituted by —NR5R6, NHR12,            OR12, or SR12;            -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (5)                to (10) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or                more moieties selected from the group consisting of                -halogen, —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH,                —NR5R6, —COR11, —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and                —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r and s are independently of                each other an integer of from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1                independently from r and s,                with the proviso that R5, R6 or R12 is not a reporter                group if the radicals (5) to (7) are substituted by                —NR5R6, NHR12, OR12, or SR12;

    -   R2, R3 is independent from X, R1, R2 and R3 and is selected from        the group of,        -   (1)—H        -   (2)(C1-C10)-alkyl,        -   (3)(C2-C10)-alkenyl,        -   (4) (C2-C10)-alkynyl,        -   (5)(C6-C22)-aryl,        -   (6) —Z—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —Z—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —Z—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —Z—(C6-C22)-aryl or Z-H, wherein            Z='CO—, —CO—NH—, —CS—NH—, —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and            s are, independently of each other, an integer between 1 to            18 and n is 1 or 2 independently from r and s,        -   (7)substituents (2) to (6)            -   wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl can be                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —NO₂, —OR12, —CN, —SH,                —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —COR11,                —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6,                r and s are independently of each other an integer of                from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12 and OR12,            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group,

    -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (2) to (7)        being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more moieties        selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —SH,        —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,        —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r and s        are independently of each other an integer of from 1 to 18 and n        is 0 or 1 independently from r and s;

    -   X is independent from R¹, R² or R³ and is selected from the        group consisting of N and CH

    -   D is the position of attachment of the group to the rest of the        nucleic acid binding compound.        with the proviso that one or two hydrogen atoms of any —OH, —SH,        —NH2, —NH-alkyl, —NH-alkenylene, —NH-alkynylene, or —NH-aryl        group are substituted by a protecting group,

    -   and any salts thereof.

After suitable protective groups for the amino groups at position 2 and6 and for the free 5′-hydroxyl group of the sugar moiety have beenintroduced, the monomers are converted into the correspondingphosphonate or phosphoramidite derivatives. Suitable amino protectivegroups, for example in the form of acyl protective groups (e.g.isobutyryl, acetyl or phenoxyacetyl), are inserted using well-knownmethods [J. C. Schulhof, D. Molko, R. Teoule, (1987), Nucleic AcidsRes., 15, 397-416]. An example of a suitable protective group for thefree 5′-OH group of the sugar is the 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl residue, whoseinsertion is likewise effected using known methods [C. B. Reese (1978),Tetrahedron, 34, 3143; D. Flockerzi et al., (1981), Liebigs Ann. Chem.,1568]. The monomers which have been protected in this way can beconverted into the corresponding phosphonates in accordance with aprotocol due to Froehler et al. [B. C. Froehler et al., (1986), NucleicAcids Res., 14, 5399]. Cyanoethyl-phosphoramidite derivatives can, forexample, be prepared by reacting the monomers withchloro-□-cyanoethoxy-(N,N-diisopropylamino)phosphane in anhydrousdichlormethane [N. D. Sinha et al., (1984), Nucleic Acids Res., 12,4539].

Further subject of the invention are compounds of the general formula IX

wherein

-   -   A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, CH₂ and        N-(C₁-C₆)-alkyl,    -   M and M′ are independently selected from the group consisting of        oxy, sulfanediyl, —NR²², —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, or        —O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—, and —S—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O — and        —NR²²-(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—,    -   R²² is selected from the group of —H and —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,    -   R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OR³¹,        -(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyloxy,        -halogen, -azido, NHR³¹, SR³¹, or O-reporter group,    -   R³¹ is a protecting group or a reporter group,    -   R³² and R¹⁷ are independently selected from the group consisting        of —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl, or        wherein NR³²R¹⁷ can form together with N a 5-6-membered        heterocyclic ring,    -   R¹⁸ is selected from the group consisting of        —(C₂-C₆)-alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted        —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, unsubstituted —(C₁-C₆)-alkoxy or —(C₁-C₆)-alkoxy        substituted one or more times by a group selected from the group        consisting of -halogen, p-nitroaryloxy and -cyano, and    -   B is a group of formula I

-   -   R1 is independent from X, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of        -   (1) —F, —Cl, —Br or —I,        -   (2) Nitro        -   (3) Cyano        -   (4) —COO—        -   (5) —(C1-C10)-alkyl substituted according to (10)        -   (6) —(C2-C10)-alkenyl substituted according to (10)        -   (7) —(C2-C10)-alkynyl substituted according to (10)        -   (8) —(C6-C22)-aryl substituted according to (10)        -   (9) —W—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —W—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —W—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —W—(C6-C22)-aryl or W—H, wherein W=—S—,            —O—, —NH—, —S—S—, —CO—, —COO—, —CO—NH—, —NH—CO—, —NH—CO—NH—,            —NH—CS—NH—, —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and s are,            independently of each other, an integer between 1 to 18 and            n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   (10) substituents (5) to (9) wherein any alkyl, alkenyl,            alkynyl or aryl can be substituted by one or more moieties            selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —NO2,            —CN, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —OR12, —COR11,            —NH—CO—NR5R6, —NH—CS—NR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12, OR12, and —SR12            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkinyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group, a group which facilitates                intracellular uptake or a group that, when the nucleic                acid binding compound hybridizes to its complementary                nucleic acid, attacks the latter while binding,                cross-linking or cleaving,

-   -   -   -   wherein Nuc is the link to formula I and n is any                integer from 1 to 18 said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or                aryl in substituents (5) to (10) being unsubstituted or                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl,                —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11, —NH—CONR5R6,                —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r and s are                independently of each other an integer of from 1 to 18                and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,

        -   with the proviso that R5, R6 or R12 is not a reporter group            if the radicals (5) to (7) are substituted by —NR5R6, NHR12,            OR 12, or SR12;

    -   R2, R3 is independent from X, R1, R2 and R3 and is selected from        the group of,        -   (1)—H        -   (2)(C1-C10)-alkyl,        -   (3)(C2-C10)-alkenyl,        -   (4) (C2-C10)-alkynyl,        -   (5)(C6-C22)-aryl,        -   (6) —Z—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —Z—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —Z—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —Z—(C6-C22)-aryl or Z-H, wherein            Z=—CO—, —CO—NH—, —CS—NH—, —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and            s are, independently of each other, an integer between 1 to            18 and n is 1 or 2 independently from r and s,        -   (7)substituents (2) to (6)            -   wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl can be                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —NO₂, —OR12, —CN, —SH,                —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —COR11,                —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6,                r and s are independently of each other an integer of                from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12 and OR12,            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (2)            to (7) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s;

    -   X is independent from R¹, R² or R³ and is selected from the        group consisting of N and CH

    -   D is the position of attachment of the group to the rest of the        nucleic acid binding compound.        with the proviso that one or two hydrogen atoms of any —OH, —SH,        —NH2, —NH-alkyl, —NH-alkenylene, —NH— alkynylene, or —NH-aryl        group are substituted by a protecting group, and any salts        thereof.        Those compounds can be used like those of formula VII in        chemical synthesis.

A further subject of the invention are compounds of the general formulaX wherein

-   -   M and M′ are independently selected from the group consisting of        oxy, sulfanediyl, —NR²², —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, or        —O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—, and —S—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O— and        —NR²²—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—,    -   R²² is selected from the group of —H and —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,    -   R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OR³¹,        —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyloxy,        -halogen, -azido, NHR³¹, SR³¹, or O-reporter,    -   R³¹ is a protecting group or a reporter group,

-   -   R1 is independent from X, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of        -   (1) —F, —Cl, —Br or —I,        -   (2) Nitro        -   (3) Cyano        -   (4) —COO—        -   (5) —(C1-C10)-alkyl substituted according to (10)        -   (6) —(C2-C10)-alkenyl substituted according to (10)        -   (7) —(C2-C10)-alkynyl substituted according to (10)        -   (8) —(C6-C22)-aryl substituted according to (10)        -   (9) —W—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —W—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —W—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —W—(C6-C22)-aryl or W—H, wherein W=—S—,            —O—, —NH—, —S—S—, —CO—, —COO—, —CO—NH—, —NH—CO—, —NH—CO—NH—,            —NH—CS—NH—, —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and s are,            independently of each other, an integer between 1 to 18 and            n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   (10) substituents (5) to (9) wherein any alkyl, alkenyl,            alkynyl or aryl can be substituted by one or more moieties            selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —NO2,            —CN, —S—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —OR12, —COR11,            —NH—CO—NR5R6, —NH—CS—NR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12, OR12, and —SR12            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkinyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group, a group which facilitates                intracellular uptake or a group that, when the nucleic                acid binding compound hybridizes to its complementary                nucleic acid, attacks the latter while binding,                cross-linking or cleaving,

-   -   -   -   wherein Nuc is the link to formula I and n is any                integer from 1 to 18 said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or                aryl in substituents (5) to (10) being unsubstituted or                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl,                —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11, —NH—CONR5R6,                —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r and s are                independently of each other an integer of from 1 to 18                and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,

        -   with the proviso that R5, R6 or R12 is not a reporter group            if the radicals (5) to (7) are substituted by —NR5R6, NHR12,            OR12, or SR12;

    -   R2, R3 is independent from X, R1, R2 and R3 and is selected from        the group of,        -   (1) —H        -   (2) (C1-C10)-alkyl,        -   (3) (C2-C10)-alkenyl,        -   (4) (C2-C10)-alkynyl,        -   (5) (C6-C22)-aryl,        -   (6) —Z—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —Z—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —Z—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —Z—(C6-C22)-aryl or Z—H, wherein            Z=—CO—, —CO—NH—, —CS—NH—, —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and            s are, independently of each other, an integer between 1 to            18 and n is 1 or 2 independently from r and s,        -   (7) substituents (2) to (6)            -   wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl can be                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —NO2, —OR12, —CN, —SH,                —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —COR11,                —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6,                r and s are independently of each other an integer of                from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,                wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12 and OR12,            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group,            -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (2)                to (7) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more                moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,                —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6,                —COR11, —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and                —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r and s are independently of                each other an integer of from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1                independently from r and s;

    -   X is independent from R¹, R² or R³ and is selected from the        group consisting of N and CH

    -   D is the position of attachment of the group to the rest of the        nucleic acid binding compound.        with the proviso that one or two hydrogen atoms of any —OH, —SH,        —NH2, —NH-alkyl, —NH-alkenylene, —NH-alkynylene, or —NH-aryl        group are substituted by a protecting group, and any salts        thereof. Those compounds are useful in chemical synthesis of        nucleic acid binding compounds as mentioned above and the        precursors thereof.

In another option which is more suited for long oligomers and thosebased on natural backbones, the oligomers are produced enzymatically. Inthis case, a starting oligomer is reacted with a polymerase and atriphosphate or modified triphosphate such that a monophosphate or amodified monophosphate is attached to a terminus of the oligomer, thuselongating the oligomer. Also for this method, the man skilled in theart will know several possible formates, like the nick-translationapproach, or the simple primer extension (J. Sambrook. E. F. Fritsch, T.Maniatis, Molecular Cloning—A laboratory Manual, Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press 1989).

A further subject of the invention is therefore a method for theenzymatic synthesis of a nucleic acid binding compound according to theinvention comprising reacting a triphosphate subunit with a primer usinga nucleic acid as a template for the elongation of the primer, whereinthe triphosphate subunit contains a heterocyclic group of formula I.Preferably, the triphosphate subunit has the formula VI. For example, 7-or 8-substituted 7-deaza-2′-deoxyadenosine and guanosine-triphosphatescan be easily incorporated enzymatically into DNA by various DNApolymerases (WO 00/68422).

A further subject of the present invention are therefore compounds ofthe general formula VI

-   -   wherein    -   A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, CH₂ and        N—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl,    -   M and M′ are independently selected from the group consisting of        oxy, sulfanediyl, —NR²²—, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-, or        —O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—, and —S—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O— and        —NR²²—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—,    -   R²² is selected from the group of —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, a        protecting group and a reporter group,    -   R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OR³¹,        —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, O-protecting group, S-protecting group,        NH₂-protecting group, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy,        —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyloxy, -halogen, -azido, SH,        —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkylmercapto, and —O-solid phase,    -   R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting        of —H, —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyl,        —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkyl-carbonyl, —(C₃-C₁₉)-alkenyl-carbonyl,        —(C₃-C₁₉)-alkynyl-carbonyl, —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,        protecting group and a solid phase    -   B is the link to a moiety of formula I,

-   -   R1 is independent from X, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of        -   (1) —F, —Cl, —Br or —I,        -   (2) Nitro        -   (3) Cyano        -   (4) —COO—        -   (5) —(C1-C10)-alkyl substituted according to (10)        -   (6) —(C2-C10)-alkenyl substituted according to (10)        -   (7) —(C2-C10)-alkynyl substituted according to (10)        -   (8) —(C6-C22)-aryl substituted according to (10)        -   (9) —W—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —W—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —W—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —W—(C6-C22)-aryl or W—H, wherein W=—S—,            —O—, —NH—, —S—S—, —CO—, —COO—, —CO—NH—, —NH—CO—, —NH—CO—NH—,            —NH—CS—NH—, —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and s are,            independently of each other, an integer between 1 to 18 and            n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   (10) substituents (5) to (9) wherein any alkyl, alkenyl,            alkynyl or aryl can be substituted by one or more moieties            selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —NO2,            —CN, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —OR12, —COR11,            —NH—CO—NR5R6, —NH—CS—NR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12, OR12, and —SR12            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkinyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group, a group which facilitates                intracellular uptake or a group that, when the nucleic                acid binding compound hybridizes to its complementary                nucleic acid, attacks the latter while binding,                cross-linking or cleaving,

-   -   -   -   wherein Nuc is the link to formula I and n is any                integer from 1 to 18 said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or                aryl in substituents (5) to (10) being unsubstituted or                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl,                —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11, —NH—CONR5R6,                —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r and s are                independently of each other an integer of from 1 to 18                and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   with the proviso that R5, R6 or R12 is not a reporter                group if the radicals (5) to (7) are substituted by                —NR5R6, NHR12, OR12, or SR12;

    -   R2, R3 is independent from X, R1, R2 and R3 and is selected from        the group of,        -   (1) —H        -   (2) (C1-C10)-alkyl,        -   (3) (C2-C10)-alkenyl,        -   (4) (C2-C10)-alkynyl,        -   (5) (C6-C22)-aryl,        -   (6) —Z—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —Z—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —Z—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —Z—(C6-C22)-aryl or Z—H, wherein            Z=—CO—, —CO—NH—, —CS—NH—, —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and            s are, independently of each other, an integer between 1 to            18 and n is 1 or 2 independently from r and s,        -   (7) substituents (2) to (6)            -   wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl can be                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —NO₂, —OR12, —CN, —SH,                —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —COR11,                —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6,                r and s are independently of each other an integer of                from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12 and OR12,            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (2)            to (7) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s;

    -   X is independent from R¹, R² or R³ and is selected from the        group consisting of N and CH

    -   D is the position of attachment of the group to the rest of the        nucleic acid binding compound.

    -   whereby optionally at least one protecting group substitutes one        or two hydrogen atoms of a —OH, —SH, NH2, NH-alkyl,        —NH-alkenylene, —NH-alkynylene, or a —NH-aryl group, and any        salts thereof.

Most preferred in these compounds —M′R¹⁶ is a triphosphate group and—MR¹⁵ is OH. The most preferred compound is the one in which R¹⁴ is —H.

Most preferred compounds for enzymatic synthesis of a nucleic acidbinding compound according to the invention are of formula VIII

wherein

-   -   PPP is a triphosphate group, a thiotriphosphate group or        analogues thereof,    -   R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH,        —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyloxy        halogen, -azido and NH₂,    -   R³⁶ is selected from the group of —H and —OH, and    -   B is a group of formula I.

-   -   wherein    -   R1 is independent from X, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of        -   (1) —F, —Cl, —Br or —I,        -   (2) Nitro        -   (3) Cyano        -   (4) —COO—        -   (5) —(C1-C10)-alkyl substituted according to (10)        -   (6) —(C2-C10)-alkenyl substituted according to (10)        -   (7) —(C2-C10)-alkynyl substituted according to (10)        -   (8) —(C6-C22)-aryl substituted according to (10)        -   (9) —W—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —W—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —W—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —W—(C6-C22)-aryl or W—H, wherein W=—S—,            —O—, —NH—, —S—S—, —CO—, —COO—, —CO—NH—, —NH—CO—, —NH—CO—NH—,            —NH—CS—NH—, —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and s are,            independently of each other, an integer between 1 to 18 and            n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   (10) substituents (5) to (9) wherein any alkyl, alkenyl,            alkynyl or aryl can be substituted by one or more moieties            selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —NO2,            —CN, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —OR12, —COR11,            —NH—CO—NR5R6, —NH—CS—NR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12, OR12, and —SR12            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkinyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group, a group which facilitates                intracellular uptake or a group that, when the nucleic                acid binding compound hybridizes to its complementary                nucleic acid, attacks the latter while binding,                cross-linking or cleaving,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (5)            to (10) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   with the proviso that R5, R6 or R12 is not a reporter group            if the radicals (5) to (7) are substituted by —NR5R6, NHR12,            OR12, or SR12;    -   R2, R3 is independent from X, R1, R2 and R3 and is selected from        the group of,        -   (1) —H        -   (2) (C1-C10)-alkyl,        -   (3) (C2-C10)-alkenyl,        -   (4) (C2-C10)-alkynyl,        -   (5) (C6-C22)-aryl,        -   (6) —Z—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —Z—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —Z—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —Z—(C6-C22)-aryl or Z—H, wherein            Z=—CO—, —CO—NH—, —CS—NH—, —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and            s are, independently of each other, an integer between 1 to            18 and n is 1 or 2 independently from r and s,        -   (7) substituents (2) to (6)            -   wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl can be                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —NO₂, —OR12, —CN, —SH,                —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —COR11,                —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6,                r and s are independently of each other an integer of                from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12 and OR12,            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (2)            to (7) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s;    -   X is independent from R¹, R² or R³ and is selected from the        group consisting of N and CH    -   D is the position of attachment of the group to the rest of the        nucleic acid binding compound.    -   whereby optionally at least one protecting group substitutes one        or two hydrogen atoms of a —OH, —SH, NH₂, NH-alkyl,        —NH-alkenylene, —NH-alkynylene, or a —NH-aryl group, and any        salts thereof.        3′ deoxy- and 2′-3′-didesoxytriphosphate subunits according to        formula VIII for example can be used as terminating nucleotides        in sequencing methods.

More preferable, above mentioned method for enzymatic synthesis uses asa triphosphate subunit a compound of formula VIII as defined above.

By the above methods, it is principally possible to introduce only onemonomer containing the moiety of the invention into one nucleic acidbinding component, but also more than one, as the case may be. This isespecially possible using chemical methods for the synthesis of nucleicacid binding compounds.

These nucleic acid compounds according to the invention can be usefullyapplied in hybridization methods. Therefore, a further subject of theinvention is a method for the determination of a nucleic acid comprisingthe steps of providing a sample suspected to contain said nucleic acid,providing a nucleic acid binding compound, which is essentiallycomplementary to a part or all of said nucleic acid, contacting saidsample with said nucleic acid binding compound under conditions forbinding said nucleic acid binding compound to said nucleic acid, anddetermining the degree of hybridization or the binding product formedfrom said nucleic acid and said nucleic acid binding compound as ameasure of the presence of said nucleic acid.

Methods for determination of nucleic acids by hybridization aregenerally known, for example from Sambrook et al. (cited above). Theycan easily adopted for the use of probes of the present invention.

Probes of the present invention also allow the determination ofpathogens like bacteria or viruses, for example hepatitis A, B or Cvirus (HBV, HCV), the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the humanpapilloma virus or parvovirus B19. However, any other viruses arepossible.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a nucleic acid bindingcompound, hereinafter termed a first nucleic acid binding compound, isused in a hybridization reaction to form a parallel or antiparallelduplex with a second nucleic acid binding compound wherein the firstand/or the second nucleic acid binding compound comprise a backbone,said backbone having attached heterocyclic groups capable of basepairing to nucleobases characterized in that a heterocyclic groups, i.e.at least one of said heterocyclic groups, is a substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or an analogue thereof. Preferably, thehybridization reaction is a multiplex hybridization reaction, i.e.multiple target nucleic acids as second nucleic acid binding compoundsand multiple first nucleic acid binding compounds are present. This isdone preferably in the form of an array, i.e. the first nucleic acidbinding compound comprises a multitude of different nucleic acid bindingcompounds with different sequences and is attached in the form of anarray to a solid phase on different addressable locations. In a furtherembodiment, a nucleic acid binding compound is used as a capture probe,whereby the nucleic acid binding compound has a backbone wheretoheterocyclic groups capable of base pairing to nucleobases are attachedcharacterized in that a heterocyclic group, i.e. at least one of saidheterocyclic groups, is a substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or ananalogue thereof. Most preferred the nucleic acid binding compound is anucleic acid binding compound with a heterocyclic group of the formula Iand the substituents described therefor. Most preferred are the halogensubstituents in the 7-position as e.g. brom and iod.

In another preferred embodiment, the substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or the analogue thereof is used in place of aheterocyclic group in a first nucleic acid binding compound to increasethe melting temperature of a parallel or antiparallel duplex with asecond nucleic acid binding compound whereby the increase in meltingtemperature is increased in comparison to the melting temperature of aduplex of the first nucleic acid binding compound with the secondnucleic acid binding compound wherein the heterocyclic group in thefirst nucleic acid binding compound is complementary to a heterocyclicgroup in the second nucleic acid binding compound. Preferably, a naturalheterocyclic group as an adenine base is substituted in the firstnucleic acid binding compound by the heterocyclic group according to theinvention.

In another preferred embodiment, the substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or the analogue thereof is used in place of aheterocyclic group in a first nucleic acid binding compound used as aprobe in an amplification reaction, to increase the melting temperatureof a duplex with a second nucleic acid binding compound in comparison tothe melting temperature of a primer used in the amplification reaction,whereby the increase in melting temperature is compared to the meltingtemperature of a duplex of the first nucleic acid binding compound withthe second nucleic acid binding compound wherein the heterocyclic groupin the first nucleic acid binding compound is complementary to aheterocyclic group in the second nucleic acid binding compound.Preferably, the amplification reaction is in the TaqMan® format which isdescribed in more detail below. Preferably, a naturally occurringheterocyclic group as an adenine base is substituted by the heterocyclicgroup according to the invention.

In another embodiment the substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or theanalogue thereof is used in place of a heterocyclic group in a firstnucleic acid binding compound to harmonize the contribution of each basepair to the melting temperature of a parallel or antiparallel duplexwith a second nucleic acid binding compound. This is particularlyinteresting when other non-natural compounds are present whichcontribute to the melting temperature in the order of the contributionof the heterocyclic group according to the invention. Then it is ofinterest to use the heterocyclic group according to the invention toequalize (or harmonize) the contribution of each heterocyclic group orbase. This has already been described supra. This use is particularlyinteresting for multiplex reactions and in arrays.

In a further preferred embodiment, the substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or the analogue thereof is used in place of aheterocyclic group in a first nucleic acid binding compound for enhanceddetection of sequences in a second nucleic acid binding compound havingmismatches in a duplex with the first nucleic acid binding compound.Preferably the second nucleic acid binding compound is a target nucleicacid e.g. different subtypes of a virus. The substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or the analogue thereof can in principle bepositioned anywhere in the nucleic acid binding compound. This use is ofparticular interest when the second nucleic acid binding compound is atarget nucleic acid, in particular a viral target, and differentsubtypes of a virus have to be amplified and detected. Therefore, inanother embodiment of the invention the substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or an analogue thereof is used in place of aheterocyclic group in a nucleic acid binding compound for enhanceddetection of subtypes in a target nucleic acid.

In another embodiment, the substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or ananalogue thereof is used in place of a heterocyclic group in a nucleicacid binding compound to increase the melting temperature of anintramolecular duplex or hairpin of the nucleic acid binding compoundwhereby the increase in melting temperature is compared to the meltingtemperature of the intramolecular duplex of the nucleic acid bindingcompound wherein the heterocyclic group in the nucleic acid bindingcompound is complementary to a heterocyclic group in the hybridizingpart of the nucleic acid binding compound. This is particularlyinteresting in the Molecular beacons, Scorpion and TaqMan technology(WO92/02638 and corresponding U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,210,015, 5,804,375,5,487,972) when two fluorescent labels have to be brought into closeproximity for efficient quenching.

Selecting the length of nucleic acid binding compounds or probes is alsoan important consideration when optimizing hybridization specificity. Ingeneral, shorter probe sequences are more specific than longer ones, inthat the occurrence of a single-base mismatch has a greaterdestabilizing effect on the hybrid duplex. However, as the overallthermodynamic stability of hybrids decreases with length, in someembodiments it is desirable to enhance duplex stability for short probesglobally. Therefore, in a further embodiment the substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or an analogue thereof is used in place of aheterocyclic group in a nucleic acid binding compound to reduce thelength of the nucleic acid binding compound in detection reactions asthe heterocyclic group according to the invention has a highcontribution to the melting temperature and therefore duplex stabilityof short probes.

Preferably, in the above described uses, at least one, preferably one ortwo, reporter groups are attached to the nucleic acid binding compoundor a probe. Preferably, the substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or theanalogue thereof used in place of a heterocyclic group is 1 to 5nucleotides separated from the point of attachment of one or of all ofthe reporter groups. Preferably, the substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or the analogue thereof is used in place of anadenine in the nucleic acid binding compound.

All uses described above are preferably performed in the form ofmultiplex hybridization reactions, i.e. multiple target nucleic acids assecond nucleic acid binding compounds and multiple first nucleic acidbinding compounds are present. This is done preferably in the form of anarray, i.e. the first nucleic acid binding compound comprises amultitude of different nucleic acid binding compounds with differentsequences and is attached in the form of an array to a solid phase ondifferent addressable locations.

In all the uses of the invention, the substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue is preferably a substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue of adenine or guanine or a7-substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue of adenine or guanine,wherein the adenine or guanine analogues may preferably carry the samesubstituents R¹ in the 7-position or N-substituents R² and R³ as set outdirectly below for the substituted 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine or aderivative thereof or a 7-substituted 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purineor a derivative thereof. More preferably, the substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or an analogue thereof is a substituted7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine or a derivative thereof or a7-substituted 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine or a derivative thereof.Even more preferred, the substituted 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine ora derivative thereof or the 7-substituted7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine or a derivative thereof has the formulaI with the substituents as defined in the following.

In the uses described above, in the most preferred embodiment thesubstituted 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine or a derivative thereof orthe 7-substituted 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine or a derivativethereof has the general formula I

-   -   wherein    -   R1 is independent from X, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of        -   (1) —F, —Cl, —Br or —I,        -   (2) Nitro        -   (3) Cyano        -   (4) —COO—        -   (5) —(C1-C10)-alkyl substituted according to (10)        -   (6) —(C2-C10)-alkenyl substituted according to (10)        -   (7) —(C2-C10)-alkynyl substituted according to (10)        -   (8) —(C6-C22)-aryl substituted according to (10)        -   (9) —W—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —W—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —W—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —W—(C6-C22)-aryl or W—H, wherein W=—S—,            —O—, —NH—, —S—S—, —CO—, —COO—, —CO—NH—, —NH—CO—, —NH—CO—NH—,            —NH—CS—NH—, —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and s are,            independently of each other, an integer between 1 to 18 and            n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   (10) substituents (5) to (9) wherein any alkyl, alkenyl,            alkynyl or aryl can be substituted by one or more moieties            selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —NO2,            —CN, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —OR12, —COR11,            —NH—CO—NR5R6, —NH—CS—NR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12, OR12, and —SR12            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkinyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group, a group which facilitates                intracellular uptake or a group that, when the nucleic                acid binding compound hybridizes to its complementary                nucleic acid, attacks the latter while binding,                cross-linking or cleaving,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (5)            to (10) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   with the proviso that R5, R6 or R12 is not a reporter group            if the radicals (5) to (7) are substituted by —NR5R6, NHR12,            OR12, or SR12;    -   R2, R3 is independent from X, R1, R2 and R3 and is selected from        the group of,        -   (1) —H        -   (2) (C1-C10)-alkyl,        -   (3) (C2-C10)-alkenyl,        -   (4) (C2-C10)-alkynyl,        -   (5) (C6-C22)-aryl,        -   (6) —Z—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —Z—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —Z—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —Z—(C6-C22)-aryl or Z—H, wherein            Z=—CO—, —CO—NH—, —CS—NH—, —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and            s are, independently of each other, an integer between 1 to            18 and n is 1 or 2 independently from r and s,        -   (7) substituents (2) to (6)            -   wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl can be                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —NO2, —OR12, —CN, —SH,                —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —COR11,                —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6,                r and s are independently of each other an integer of                from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12 and OR12,            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (2)            to (7) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s;    -   X is independent from R¹, R² or R³ and is selected from the        group consisting of N and CH; and    -   D is the position of attachment of the group to the rest of the        nucleic acid binding compound    -   or any salts thereof.        In the most preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid binding        compound is a nucleic acid binding compound according to the        invention preferably wherein R¹=Br or R¹=I.

Nucleic acid binding compounds according to the present invention alsocan be applied in nucleic acid determination methods in the case thenucleic acid to be determined is amplified. Since the originalpublication of nucleic acid amplification, various primer-based nucleicacid amplification methods have been described including, but are notlimited to, Ligase Chain Reaction (LCR, Wu and Wallace, 1989, Genomics4:560-569 and Barany, 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:189-193);Polymerase Ligase Chain Reaction (Barany, 1991, PCR Methods and Applic.1:5-16); Gap-LCR (PCT Patent Publication No. WO 90/01069); Repair ChainReaction (European Patent Publication No. 439,182 A2), 3SR (Kwoh et al.,1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:1173-1177; Guatelli et al., 1990,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1874-1878; PCT Patent Publication No. WO92/0880A), and NASBA (U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,238). Further, there arestrand displacement amplification (SDA), transcription mediatedamplification (TMA), and Q□-amplification (for a review see e.g. Whelenand Persing (1996). Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 50, 349-373; Abramson andMyers, 1993, Current Opinion in Biotechnology 4:41-47). A preferredmethod is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The invention is alsorelated to the amplification of the target nucleic acid in the presenceof the triphosphates of heterocyclic groups according to the inventionas pyrazolo-[3,4-d]-pyrimidines, substituted variants thereof oranalogues thereof, particularly preferred are 7-substituted variantsthereof. Most preferred are the triphosphates of the heterocyclic groupsaccording to formula I with the substituents as defined above.

The nucleic acid binding compounds according to the present inventioncan be used as primers and probes as e.g. as a capture probe. In thecase, that the nucleic acid binding compound should be used as probe, itwill preferably contain a detectable reporter group. Any hybrids formedfrom the nucleic acid binding compound and a nucleic acid can then bedetermined via the detectable reporter group. This group of assays canfurther be divided into two groups, one being the group of homogeneousassays and the other being the heterogeneous assays. In heterogeneousassays, preferably the hybrid (binding product) will be determined whenbound to a solid phase. This embodiment has the advantage that anyexcess of probe and other components can be removed easily from thehybrid, thus make the determination easier. The hybrid formed can becaptured to a solid phase either covalently, noncovalently, specificallyor unspecifically. There are several embodiments which are known to aman skilled in the art.

In the so-called homogeneous assays, the hybrid formed will not be boundto a solid phase, but will be determined either directly or indirectlyin solution. A preferred example of such assays is disclosed in PCT/US91/05571 which is incorporated by reference here.

In particular, when using several nucleic acid binding compounds, forexample when conducting PCR-, multiplex-PCR- ormultiplex-hybridization-methods it is often difficult to findappropriate hybridization conditions ensuring a good specificity withoutloosing some specific hybridization complexes resulted from a lowerT_(m), which also means a lower stability. In the case of diagnosticmethods this can lead to false negative results, which should beavoided. A further difficulty lies in the complexity of biologicalsamples, for example blood or sputum. Such samples often have backgroundnucleic acids, which may disturb the determination method, for exampleleading to false positive results.

Therefore the heterocyclic groups of formula I can also be used inmultiplex hybridization methods in order to increase the T_(m) of one ormore hybridization complexes formed in an assay. By introducing aheterocyclic group of formula I instead of a natural base contained in anucleic acid binding compound used in that assay the T_(m) of thehybridization complex formed with its target nucleic acid can beincreased. Such changes of the T_(m) still allows the specifichybridization of the nucleic acid compound with its target nucleic acidat a different temperature. A preferred application field are multiplexhybridization methods on chips which often use hundreds to thousandshybridization probes.

Also included in the present invention are intermediates and precursorcompounds for the chemical synthesis of the described nucleic acidbinding compounds. Preferred intermediates and precursor compounds aredescribed below.

Preferred is a solid phase bound precursor for the synthesis of anucleic acid binding compound comprising a backbone, wherein thebackbone comprises a moiety of the general formula VI

wherein

-   -   A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, CH₂ and        N—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl,    -   M and M′ are independently selected from the group consisting of        oxy, sulfanediyl, —NR²²—, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-, or        —O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—, and —S—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O— and        —NR²²—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—,    -   R²² is selected from the group of —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, a        protecting group and a reporter group,    -   R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OR³¹,        —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, O-protecting group, S-protecting group,        NH₂-protecting group, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy,        —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyloxy, -halogen, -azido, SH,        —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkylmercapto, and —O-solid phase,    -   R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently selected from the group consisting        of —H, —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyl,        —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkyl-carbonyl, —(C₃-C₁₉)-alkenyl-carbonyl,        —(C₃-C₁₉)-alkynyl-carbonyl, —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,        protecting group and a solid phase    -   B is the link to a moiety of formula I,

-   -   wherein    -   R1 is independent from X, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of        -   (1) —F, —Cl, —Br or —I,        -   (2) Nitro        -   (3) Cyano        -   (4) —COO—        -   (5) —(C1-C10)-alkyl substituted according to (10)        -   (6) —(C2-C10)-alkenyl substituted according to (10)        -   (7) —(C2-C10)-alkynyl substituted according to (10)        -   (8) —(C6-C22)-aryl substituted according to (10)        -   (9) —W—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —W—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —W—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —W—(C6-C22)-aryl or W—H, wherein W=—S—,            —O—, —NH—, —S—S—, —CO—, —COO—, —CO—NH—, —NH—CO—, —NH—CO—NH—,            —NH—CS—NH—, —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and s are,            independently of each other, an integer between 1 to 18 and            n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   (10) substituents (5) to (9) wherein any alkyl, alkenyl,            alkynyl or aryl can be substituted by one or more moieties            selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —NO2,            —CN, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —OR12, —COR11,            —NH—CO—NR5R6, —NH—CS—NR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12, OR12, and —SR12            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkinyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group, a group which facilitates                intracellular uptake or a group that, when the nucleic                acid binding compound hybridizes to its complementary                nucleic acid, attacks the latter while binding,                cross-linking or cleaving,

-   -   -   -   wherein Nuc is the link to formula I and n is any                integer from 1 to 18

    -   R2, R3 is independent from X, R1, R2 and R3 and is selected from        the group of,        -   (1) —H        -   (2) (C1-C10)-alkyl,        -   (3) (C2-C10)-alkenyl,        -   (4) (C2-C10)-alkynyl,        -   (5) (C6-C22)-aryl,        -   (6) —Z—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —Z—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —Z—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —Z—(C6-C22)-aryl or Z—H, wherein            Z=—CO—, —CO—NH—, —CS—NH—, —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and            s are, independently of each other, an integer between 1 to            18 and n is 1 or 2 independently from r and s,        -   (7) substituents (2) to (6)            -   wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl can be                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —NO₂, —OR12, —CN, —SH,                —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —COR11,                —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6,                r and s are independently of each other an integer of                from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12 and OR12,            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (2)            to (7) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s;

    -   X is independent from R¹, R² or R³ and is selected from the        group consisting of N and CH

    -   D is the position of attachment of the group to the rest of the        nucleic acid binding compound.        with the proviso that one or two hydrogen atoms of any —OH, —SH,        —NH2, —NH-alkyl, —NH-alkenylene, —NH-alkynylene, or —NH-aryl        group are substituted by a protecting group, and any salts        thereof. Such compounds of Formula VI can be used for chemical        synthesis of nucleic acid binding compounds according to the        invention as precursors. In this case the compounds are linked        to a solid phase, preferred R¹⁴, R¹⁵, or R¹⁶ is O-solid phase,        most preferred R¹⁵ is solid phase. It is also preferred that        reactive groups are protected by protective groups.

Also included in the present invention are precursors and intermediatesof a nucleic acid binding compound, wherein the backbone comprises amoiety of the general formula III

-   -   wherein    -   A is selected from the group consisting of O, S, CH₂ and        N—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl,    -   M is selected from the group consisting of oxy, sulfanediyl,        —NR²²—, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-, or —O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—, and        —S—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—, O—CO—, —NR²²—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—,    -   R²² is selected from the group of —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, a        protecting group and a reporter group,    -   R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH,        —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyloxy,        -halogen, -azido, SH, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkylmercapto, O-reporter group,        O-solid phase and —NH₂ linked to a protecting group,    -   R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl,        —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkyl-carbonyl,        —(C₃-C₁₉)-alkenyl-carbonyl, —(C₃-C₁₉)-alkynyl-carbonyl,        —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl and a solid phase,    -   B is the link to a moiety of formula I,

-   -   wherein    -   R1 is independent from X, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of        -   (1) —F, —Cl, —Br or —I,        -   (2) Nitro        -   (3) Cyano        -   (4) —COO—        -   (5) —(C1-C10)-alkyl substituted according to (10)        -   (6) —(C2-C10)-alkenyl substituted according to (10)        -   (7) —(C2-C10)-alkynyl substituted according to (10)        -   (8) —(C6-C22)-aryl substituted according to (10)        -   (9) —W—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —W—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —W—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —W—(C6-C22)-aryl or W—H, wherein W=—S—,            —O—, —NH—, —S—S—, —CO—, —COO—, —CO—NH—, —NH—CO—, —NH—CO—NH—,            —NH—CS—NH—, —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and s are,            independently of each other, an integer between 1 to 18 and            n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   (10) substituents (5) to (9) wherein any alkyl, alkenyl,            alkynyl or aryl can be substituted by one or more moieties            selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —NO2,            —CN, —S—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —OR12, —COR11,            —NH—CO—NR5R6, —NH—CS—NR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12, OR12, and —SR12            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkinyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group, a group which facilitates                intracellular uptake or a group that, when the nucleic                acid binding compound hybridizes to its complementary                nucleic acid, attacks the latter while binding,                cross-linking or cleaving,

-   -   -   -   wherein Nuc is the link to formula I and n is any                integer from 1 to 18 said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or                aryl in substituents (5) to (10) being unsubstituted or                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —S—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl,                —(C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11, —NH—CONR5R6,                —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r and s are                independently of each other an integer of from 1 to 18                and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,

        -   with the proviso that R5, R6 or R12 is not a reporter group            if the radicals (5) to (7) are substituted by —NR5R6, NHR12,            OR12, or SR 12;

    -   R2, R3 is independent from X, R1, R2 and R3 and is selected from        the group of,        -   (1) —H        -   (2) (C1-C10)-alkyl,        -   (3) (C2-C10)-alkenyl,        -   (4) (C2-C10)-alkynyl,        -   (5) (C6-C22)-aryl,        -   (6) —Z—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —Z—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —Z—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —Z—(C6-C22)-aryl or Z—H, wherein            Z=—CO—, —CO—NH—, —CS—NH—, —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and            s are, independently of each other, an integer between 1 to            18 and n is 1 or 2 independently from r and s,        -   (7) substituents (2) to (6)            -   wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl can be                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —NO₂, —OR12, —CN, —SH,                —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —COR11,                —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6,                r and s are independently of each other an integer of                from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12 and OR12,            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (2)            to (7) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen —SH,            —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s;

    -   X is independent from R¹, R² or R³ and is selected from the        group consisting of N and CH

    -   D is the position of attachment of the group to the rest of the        nucleic acid binding compound        with the proviso that one or two hydrogen atoms of any —OH, —SH,        —NH2, —NH-alkyl, —NH-alkenylene, —NH-alkynylene, or —NH-aryl        group are substituted by a protecting group, and any salts        thereof,        wherein R¹⁴ is O-solid phase or R¹⁵ is solid phase.

Solid phases for chemical synthesis of a nucleic acid binding compoundaccording to the invention preferably also include linkers to fix thegrowing nucleic acid binding compound. Such linkers are known in theart. Preferably such linkers can be cleaved after synthesis to free saidnucleic acid binding compound and can for example also be used togenerate a free 3′-hydroxy group in said nucleic acid binding compound.Such linkers are known in the art, for example succinic acid linked viaan amide bond to the solid phase and via an ester to the precursor orintermediate. Preferred R¹⁵ is solid phase, but in the precursor forchemical synthesis of a nucleic acid binding compound according toformula III alternatively R¹⁴ may also be solid phase. Reactive groupsof said compound are preferably protected by a protective group.

A more general formula of preferred precursors and intermediatesaccording to the present invention are compounds comprising a backbone,said backbone having attached heterocyclic groups characterized in thata heterocyclic group is a group of the general formula I

-   -   R1 is independent from X, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of        -   (1) —F, —Cl, —Br or —I,        -   (2) Nitro        -   (3) Cyano        -   (4) —COO—        -   (5) —(C1-C10)-alkyl substituted according to (10)        -   (6) —(C2-C10)-alkenyl substituted according to (10)        -   (7) —(C2-C10)-alkynyl substituted according to (10)        -   (8) —(C6-C22)-aryl substituted according to (10)        -   (9) —W—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —W—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —W—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —W—(C6-C22)-aryl or W—H, wherein W=—S—,            —O—, —NH—, —S—S—, —CO—, —COO—, —CO—NH—, —NH—CO—, —NH—CO—NH—,            —NH—CS—NH—, —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and s are,            independently of each other, an integer between 1 to 18 and            n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   (10) substituents (5) to (9) wherein any alkyl, alkenyl,            alkynyl or aryl can be substituted by one or more moieties            selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —NO2,            —CN, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —OR12, —COR11,            —NH—CO—NR5R6, —NH—CS—NR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12, OR12, and —SR12            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkinyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group, a group which facilitates                intracellular uptake or a group that, when the nucleic                acid binding compound hybridizes to its complementary                nucleic acid, attacks the latter while binding,                cross-linking or cleaving,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (5)            to (10) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   with the proviso that R5, R6 or R12 is not a reporter group            if the radicals (5) to (7) are substituted by —NR5R6, NHR12,            OR12, or SR12;    -   R2, R3 is independent from X, R1, R2 and R3 and is selected from        the group of,        -   (1) —H        -   (2) (C1-C10)-alkyl,        -   (3) (C2-C10)-alkenyl,        -   (4) (C2-C10)-alkynyl,        -   (5) (C6-C22)-aryl,        -   (6) —Z—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —Z—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —Z—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —Z—(C6-C22)-aryl or Z—H, wherein            Z=—CO—, —CO—NH—, —CS—NH—, —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—, where r and            s are, independently of each other, an integer between 1 to            18 and n is 1 or 2 independently from r and s,        -   (7) substituents (2) to (6)            -   wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl can be                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —NO₂, —OR12, —CN, —SH,                —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —COR11,                —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6,                r and s are independently of each other an integer of                from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,                wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12 and OR12,            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (2)            to (7) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n—[O—(CH2)r]s—NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s;    -   X is independent from R¹, R² or R³ and is selected from the        group consisting of N and CH    -   D is the position of attachment of the group to the rest of the        nucleic acid binding compound.    -   wherein said backbone is solid phase bound,    -   with the proviso that one or two hydrogen atoms of any —OH, —SH,        —NH2, —NH-alkyl, —NH-alkenylene, —NH— alkynylene, or —NH-aryl        group are substituted by a protecting group,    -   and any salts thereof.

Beside the possibility that the precursor compound or intermediate iscoupled to the solid phase at the backbone, it can also be linked at theheterocyclic group of formula I included in said compound, for exampleusing a —OH, —SH or —NH₂ groups as attachment site. Preferably the otherreactive groups of said compound are protected by protective groups.

A preferred embodiment of the invention is a method for thedetermination of the presence, absence or amount of a nucleic acidcomprising the steps of providing a sample suspected to contain thenucleic acid, providing a nucleic acid binding compound compoundcomprising a backbone, said backbone having attached heterocyclic groupscapable of base pairing to nucleobases characterized in that aheterocyclic group is a substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or ananalogue thereof, which is essentially complementary to a part or all ofthe nucleic acid, contacting said sample with the nucleic acid bindingcompound under conditions for binding the nucleic acid binding compoundto the nucleic acid, determining the binding product or the degree ofhybridization between the nucleic acid and the nucleic acid bindingcompound as a measure of the presence, absence or amount of the nucleicacid.

A further embodiment of the invention is a method for the determinationof the presence, absence or amount of a nucleic acid wherein a nucleicacid binding compound is used as a capture probe, wherein the nucleicacid binding compound comprises a backbone, said backbone havingattached heterocyclic groups capable of base pairing to nucleobasescharacterized in that a heterocyclic group is a substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or an analogue thereof.

Yet another embodiment of the invention is a method for distinguishingrelated nucleotide sequences in a nucleic acid, the method comprisingthe steps of providing a nucleic acid binding compound comprising abackbone, said backbone having attached heterocyclic groups capable ofbase pairing to nucleobases characterized in that a heterocyclic groupis a substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or an analogue thereof andhaving a defined sequence, providing a nucleic acid with two relatednucleotide sequences, each of which comprises a target sequence, whereinone of the nucleotide sequence is a target sequence that is perfectlycomplementary to the nucleic acid binding compound and at least oneother of the segments is a related target sequence, incubating thenucleic acid with the nucleic acid binding compound under hybridizationconditions, and determining the degree of hybridization between thenucleic acid binding compound and each of the segments.

Preferably any substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or an analoguethereof is located in said compound to pair with dT and to increase themelting point of the nucleic binding compound hybridized to itscomplementary nucleic acid. The expert in the field is aware of the factthat the increase of the melting point of a nucleic acid bindingcompound according to the invention is influenced by the environment ofthe heterocyclic group according to the invention. Preferably however,the melting point is 4.5 to 7° C. higher, preferably 5 or 5.5 to 7° C.,more preferably 6 to 7° C. than the T_(m) of a dA-dT pair.

In a very preferred embodiment, in the methods according to theinvention the nucleic acids are isolated from biological material,preferably from a human or an animal. Preferably the methods accordingto the invention are used in the diagnostical field.

In still another embodiment of the invention a method as described aboveis contemplated wherein the nucleic acid binding compound according tothe invention comprises a reporter group which is a fluorescent label,preferably fluorescein. Preferably, the nucleic acid binding compoundaccording to the invention comprises multiple fluorescent labels whereinthe emission wavelengths of one of the fluorescent labels overlaps theabsorption wavelengths of another of the fluorescent labels. The nucleicacid binding compound may further comprise a quenching agent whichquenches the fluorescence emission of the fluorescent label, which canbe fluorescein. Preferably the quenching agent is a fluorescentrhodamine or cyanine. Preferably the method further comprises the stepof altering the spatial relationship between the fluorescent label andthe quenching agent subsequent to hybridization, preferably byexonuclease hydrolysis of the nucleic acid binding compound wherebyrelease of label occurs as a result of exonuclease hydrolysis. In apreferred embodiment, the degree of hybridization between the nucleicacid binding compound and the nucleic acid is determined by the quantityof label that is released from the nucleic acid binding compoundsubsequent to hybridization.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a method for distinguishingrelated nucleotide sequences is disclosed, wherein the related sequencespreferably differ by a single nucleotide. Preferably, the degree ofhybridization between the nucleic acid binding compound and the nucleicacid is determined by the priming ability of the nucleic acid bindingcompound, wherein most preferably priming occurs as part of anamplification reaction which may be an amplification reaction describedabove. The amplification reaction is preferably a polymerase chainreaction.

In methods for the determination of the presence, absence or amount of anucleic acid or the method for distinguishing related nucleotidesequences more than one nucleic acid binding compound may be used,wherein the nucleic acid binding compound comprises a backbone, saidbackbone having attached heterocyclic groups capable of base pairing tonucleobases characterized in that a heterocyclic group is a substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or an analogue thereof. Preferably, twonucleic acid binding compounds are used. In a preferred embodiment thefirst of the two nucleic acid binding compounds comprises a fluorescencedonor and the second of the two nucleic acid binding compounds comprisesa fluorescence acceptor, wherein the emission wavelengths of thefluorescence donor overlap the absorption wavelengths of thefluorescence acceptor. Then, the degree of hybridization can be measuredby the quantity of light transferred between the fluorescence donor andthe fluorescence acceptor and emitted by the fluorescence acceptor. Inanother embodiment the degree of hybridization is determined by themeasurement of the melting temperature between the nucleic acid bindingcompound and the nucleic acid.

In yet another embodiment of the invention, a method for detecting thepresence of a target sequence in a nucleic acid is disclosed, the methodcomprising the steps of providing a nucleic acid which is to be testedfor the presence of the target sequence, providing a nucleic acidbinding compound having a sequence that is substantially complementaryto the target sequence and comprising a backbone, said backbone havingattached heterocyclic groups capable of base pairing to nucleobasescharacterized in that a heterocyclic groups is a substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or an analogue thereof, incubating the nucleicacid and the nucleic acid binding compound under hybridizationconditions; and identifying hybridized nucleic acids. Preferably,multiple nucleic acids are tested for the presence of the targetsequence, whereby the nucleic acids have related target sequences. Mostpreferably, the nucleic acids differ from one another by a singlenucleotide within the target sequence. Preferably, the nucleic acidbinding compound is a primer comprising an extendible 3′-hydroxyl group.In a preferred embodiment, the hybridized nucleic acids are identifiedby extending the primer with a polymerizing enzyme, which can be athermostable enzyme and wherein the nucleic acid binding compound is aprimer in an amplification reaction, preferably a polymerase chainreaction. Preferably the thermostable enzyme is the DNA polymerase fromThermus aquaticus, the so-called Taq-Polymerase.

In still another embodiment of the invention, a method for primerextension is disclosed which comprises the steps of providing a nucleicacid containing a target sequence, providing one or more nucleic acidbinding compounds complementary to the target sequence, wherein nucleicacid binding compound comprises a backbone, said backbone havingattached heterocyclic groups capable of base pairing to nucleobasescharacterized in that a heterocyclic group is a substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or an analogue thereof, providing apolymerizing enzyme and nucleotide substrates, and incubating thenucleic acid, the nucleic acid binding compounds, the enzyme and thesubstrates under conditions favorable for polymerization. Preferably,the method is part of an amplification reaction, most preferably apolymerase chain reaction. The method can be used in the synthesis of acDNA molecule.

Another embodiment of the invention is a method for determining thenucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid, the method comprising the stepsof providing an array of nucleic acid binding compounds having differentknown sequences and comprising a backbone, said backbone having attachedheterocyclic groups capable of base pairing to nucleobases characterizedin that a heterocyclic group is a substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidineor an analogue thereof, with the proviso that the nucleic acid bindingcompounds do not contain a reporter group, incubating the nucleic acidwith the array under hybridization conditions, and determining to whichof the nucleic acid binding compounds in the array the nucleic acidhybridizes.

Still another embodiment of the invention is a method for determiningthe nucleotide sequence of a target sequence in a nucleic acid, themethod comprising the steps of providing a nucleic acid comprising thetarget sequence, providing at least two nucleic acid binding compoundswith a known sequence comprising a backbone, said backbone havingattached heterocyclic groups capable of base pairing to nucleobasescharacterized in that a heterocyclic group is a substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or an analogue thereof, and wherein one of theat least two nucleic acid binding compounds has a sequence that isperfectly complementary to the target sequence and at least one other ofthe nucleic acid binding compounds has a related target sequence,incubating the nucleic acid binding compounds with the nucleic acidunder hybridization conditions, and determining the degree ofhybridization between each of the nucleic acid binding compounds and thenucleic acid. Preferably, the at least one other nucleic acid bindingcompounds has a single-nucleotide mismatch with the target sequence.

Further, the invention contemplates a method for examining geneexpression in a cell, the method comprising the steps of providing apopulation of nucleic acids representative of the genes expressed in thecell, providing an array of nucleic acid binding compounds comprising abackbone, said backbone having attached heterocyclic groups capable ofbase pairing to nucleobases characterized in that a heterocyclic groupis a substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or an analogue thereof, withthe proviso that the nucleic acid binding compounds do not contain areporter group, incubating the population of nucleic acids with thearray under hybridization conditions, and determining which of thenucleic acid binding compounds in the array become hybridized to nucleicacids which is optionally labelled by incorporation of e.g. ofadenosinetriphosphate coupled to a label.

Still another embodiment of the invention is a method for identifying amutation in a target sequence of a gene of interest, the methodcomprising the steps of providing a nucleic acid that comprises thetarget sequence, providing an array of nucleic acid binding compounds ofdifferent sequences, wherein the different sequences include thewild-type target sequence and different mutant target sequences, whereinthe nucleic acid binding compounds comprise a backbone, said backbonehaving attached heterocyclic groups capable of base pairing tonucleobases characterized in that a heterocyclic group is a substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrinidine or an analogue thereof with the proviso thatthe nucleic acid binding compounds do not contain a reporter group,incubating the nucleic acid with the array under hybridizationconditions, and determining which of the nucleic acid binding compoundsin the array become hybridized to the nucleic acid.

In all methods presented above the substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidineanalogue may be preferably the substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine oran analogue thereof is a substituted 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine ora derivative thereof or a 7-substituted 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purineor a derivative thereof. In another embodiment of the invention thesubstituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue is a substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue of adenine or guanine or a7-substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue of adenine or guanine,wherein the adenine or guanine analogues may preferably carry the samesubstituents R¹ in the 7-position or N-substituents R² and R³ as set outdirectly below for the substituted 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine or aderivative thereof or a 7-substituted 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purineor a derivative thereof.

In a preferred embodiment the substituted7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine or a derivative thereof or the7-substituted 7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine or a derivative thereofhas the general formula I

-   -   wherein    -   R1 is independent from X, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of        -   (1) —F, —Cl, —Br or —I,        -   (2) Nitro        -   (3) Cyano        -   (4) —COO—        -   (5) —(C1-C10)-alkyl substituted according to (10)        -   (6) —(C2-C10)-alkenyl substituted according to (10)        -   (7) —(C2-C10)-alkynyl substituted according to (10)        -   (8) —(C6-C22)-aryl substituted according to (10)        -   (9) —W—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —W—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —W—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —W—(C6-C22)-aryl or W—H, wherein W=—S—,            —O—, —NH—, —S—S—, —CO—, —COO—, —CO—NH—, —NH—CO—, —NH—CO—NH—,            —NH—CS—NH—, —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s-, where r and s are,            independently of each other, an integer between 1 to 18 and            n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   (10) substituents (5) to (9) wherein any alkyl, alkenyl,            alkynyl or aryl can be substituted by one or more moieties            selected from the group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —NO2,            —CN, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —OR12, —COR11,            —NH—CO—NR5R6, —NH—CS—NR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s-NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,            -   wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12, OR12, and —SR12            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkinyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl and                a reporter group, a group which facilitates                intracellular uptake or a group that, when the nucleic                acid binding compound hybridizes to its complementary                nucleic acid, attacks the latter while binding,                cross-linking or cleaving,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (5)            to (10) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s-NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,        -   with the proviso that R5, R6 or R12 is not a reporter group            if the radicals (5) to (7) are substituted by —NR5R6, NHR12,            OR12, or SR12;    -   R2, R3 is independent from X, R1, R2 and R3 and is selected from        the group of,        -   (1)—H        -   (2)(C1-C10)-alkyl,        -   (3)(C2-C10)-alkenyl,        -   (4) (C2-C10)-alkynyl,        -   (5)(C6-C22)-aryl,        -   (6) —Z—(C1-C10)-alkyl, —Z—(C2-C10)-alkenyl,            —Z—(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —Z—(C6-C22)-aryl or Z—H, wherein            Z=—CO—, —CO—NH—, —CS—NH—, —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s-, where r and            s are, independently of each other, an integer between 1 to            18 and n is 1 or 2 independently from r and s,        -   (7)substituents (2) to (6)            -   wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl can be                substituted by one or more moieties selected from the                group consisting of -halogen, —NO2, —OR12, —CN, —SH,                —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —NR5R6, —N+R5R6R12, —COR11,                —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s-NR5R6,                r and s are independently of each other an integer of                from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s,                wherein R11 is selected from the group consisting of                —NHR12 and OR12,            -   wherein R5, R6 and R12 are selected independently from                the group consisting of —H, —(C1-C10)-alkyl,                —(C2-C10)-alkenyl, —(C2-C10)-alkynyl, —(C6-C22)-aryl and                a reporter group,        -   said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl in substituents (2)            to (7) being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more            moieties selected from the group consisting of -halogen,            —SH, —S—(C1-C6)-alkyl, —(C1-C6)-alkoxy, —OH, —NR5R6, —COR11,            —NH—CONR5R6, —NH—CSNR5R6 and —(CH2)n-[O—(CH2)r]s-NR5R6, r            and s are independently of each other an integer of from 1            to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from r and s;    -   X is independent from R1, R2 or R3 and is selected from the        group consisting of N and CH; and    -   D is the position of attachment of the group to the rest of the        nucleic acid binding compound    -   or any salts thereof.

In still another preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid binding compoundis a nucleic acid binding compound according to the invention,preferably R¹ is a hydrophobic or electron-withdrawing substituent asdefined previously, preferably a halogen substituent whereby Br or I ismost preferred.

In all the methods or uses of the present invention the nucleic acidbinding compound having incorporated a heterocylic group according tothe present invention can bind to an opposite strand to form a parallelor antiparallel duplex.

The invention furthermore relates to pharmaceutical compositionscomprising one or more nucleic acid binding compounds containing aheterocyclic group of formula I, together with a physiologicallyacceptable excipients and, where appropriate, suitable additives and/orconventional auxiliary substances. Therefore, one embodiment of theinvention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleic acidbinding compound according to the invention. Another embodiment is anucleic acid binding compound according to the invention for use inmedicine. In a quite general manner, the present invention extends tothe use of such nucleic acid binding compounds in therapeuticallyeffective compositions. Such compositions are understood to mean toinclude the nucleic acid binding compounds according to the invention asantisense oligonucleotides, triple helix forming oligonucleotides,aptamers or ribozymes, in particular antisense oligonucleotides.

The invention further contemplates protecting groups derived fromphthalic acid (see e.g. Ramzaeva et al. (1999). Nucleosides &Nucleotides 18, 1439-1440; Rich B. Meyer in Methods in Molecular Biology26 (1994), pp. 73-91, Humana Press Inc. Totowa, N.J., USA; Griffey etal. (1996). J. Med. Chem. 39, 5100-5109; Gibson and Benkovic (1987).Nucl. Acids Res. 15, 6455-6467). Aminoalkinyl or aminoalkenyl sidechains of the pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin analogues of desoxyadenosine,desoxy-guanosine or desoxy-isoguanosine may be protected with phthalicwhereby an imide is formed. In contrast to the trifluoroacetylprotecting group which may be removed relatively easy from anoligonucleotide, the removal of a phthaloyl group from aliphatic sidechains is not easy as e.g. for peptides. Therefore, hydrazine would haveto be used which cannot however be used in the case of oligonucleotides,as pyrimidine nucleosides are degraded. The amino groups of alkynylcompounds, in particular of propargylamine as well as those which are inallyl position on other positions in the chain are less basic. Thereby,a phthaloyl group may be more easily removed and no methyl amine has tobe used. The deprotection is performed under standard conditions, i.e.concentrated ammonia solution at 60° C., 12 hours. The advantage of thephthaloyl group is that both H-atom positions of the amino group areacylated. For normal acyl groups as e.g. the trifluoroacetyl (TFA) groupused in U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,507, the amino group is capped by acylationand is monofunctionalized thereafter. Later the TFA group is removedwhereby the acetyl group remains bound and is difficult to remove. Theadvantage of the phthaloyl group for such purposes is obvious.

Hence, in one embodiment of the invention a building block for thesynthesis of an oligonucleotide comprising the nucleosides adenosine ordesoxyadenosine, guanosine or desoxyguanosine, isoguanosine ordesoxyisoguanosine, cytidine or deoxycytidine, uridine or desoxyuridine,thymidine or desoxythymidine, or analogues of these nucleosides whereina substituent is attached to the base moiety selected from the group ofphthalimidoalkyl, phthalimidoalkenyl, or phthalimidoalkynyl groups withthe following formulas

wherein Nuc is the position of attachment of the substituent to the basemoiety and n is any integer from 1 to 18, with the proviso that thephthalimidoalkynyl or phthalimidoalkyl group is not attached to theC5-atom of deoxyuridine and the proviso that the phthalimidoalkynylgroup is not attached to the C7-atom of 7-deaza-deoxyguanosine. In apreferred embodiment the analogue of these nucleosides is apyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue. In a further preferred embodiment,the building block according to the invention is a phosphoramiditederivative.

Further the invention contemplates the use of a building block accordingto the invention for the synthesis of an oligonucleotide. Further, theuse of a phthaloyl group as a protecting group is contemplated in amethod for the synthesis of an oligonucleotide from building blockscomprising the nucleosides adenosine or desoxyadenosine, guanosine ordesoxyguanosine, isoguanosine or desoxyisoguanosine, cytidine ordeoxycytidine, uridine or desoxyuridine, thymidine or desoxythymidine,or analogues of these nucleosides wherein the amino groups of—(CH₂)_(n)—NH₂, —CH═CH—(CH₂)_(n)—NH₂, or —C≡C—(CH₂)_(n)-NH₂ attached tothe base moiety are derivatized with the phthaloyl group and n is anyinteger from 1 to 18, with the proviso that the —(CH₂)_(n)—NH₂ or—C≡C—(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ group is not attached to the C5-atom of deoxyuridineand the proviso that the —C≡C—(CH₂)_(n)NH₂ group is not attached to theC7-atom of 7-deaza-deoxyguanosine. In a preferred embodiment theanalogue of these nucleosides is a pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue.In a further preferred embodiment, the building block is aphosphoramidite derivative.

In yet another embodiment of the invention, a method for the synthesisof an oligonucleotide from building blocks according to the invention isdisclosed.

These examples are intended to illustrate possible applications andshould not limit the scope of the invention.

The present invention is explained in more detail by the followingexamples:

EXAMPLES Example 1 Synthesis and Data on the7-bromo-8aza-7-deazapurin-2,6-diamine Nucleosides

1.1. Synthesis and Properties of Monomers

The alkoxy nucleosides 4a,b [18] served as precursor for the synthesisof the 8-aza-7-deazapurin-2,6-diamine(pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4,6-diamine) nucleosides 2a,b (purinenumbering is used throughout the discussion section) The amination wasperformed in a steel bomb (4 days, 25% aq. NH₃, 70°). Both nucleosides(2a,b) were isolated crystalline. A few related8-aza-7-deazapurin-2,6-diamine nucleosides have been prepared earlier[19-22].

Treatment of compound 2a with adenosine deaminase (ADA) resulted in theformation of 8-aza-7-deaza-2′-deoxyguanosine [18]. The reaction wasfollowed UV-spectrophoto-metrically (FIG. 1 a).

The time-dependent spectra show two isosbestic points (λ=234 nm and 267nm) indicating the conversion of the starting material into only onereaction product. The deamination of 2a occurs much slower than that ofthe purine nucleoside 1. The 7-bromo derivative 2b [18] was notdeaminated under these conditions even at high enzyme concentrations asit was observed earlier [20].

Next, the half-lives of the N-glycosylic bonds of compounds 2a,b inacidic medium were measured and compared with that of compound 1. Thereaction was performed in 0.5 N HCl at room temperature and was followedUV-spectrophotometrically as well as by HPLC-analysis (Table 1).

TABLE 1 Half-life Values (τ) of 2′-Deoxyadenosine Derivatives in HCl at25°. Compound τ [min]^(a)) λ(nm) Compound τ [min]^(a)) λ(nm) 1   6 2522b Stable^(b)) 242 2a 91 255 2b 87^(c)) 242 ^(a))Measured in 0.5 N HCl.^(b))Within 4 h. ^(c))Measured in 2 N HCl. ^(d))Determined by HPLC.

From the data of the table it is apparent that the8-aza-7-deazapurin-2,6-diamine nucleoside (2a) shows an about 15-foldhigher glycosylic bond stability than the parent2-amino-2′-deoxyadenosine (1). The glycosylic bond of 2b is stable underthese conditions. Hydrolysis occurs when the reaction is performed in 2N HCl (Table 1).Furthermore, the 7-bromo substituent increases thelipophilic character of the molecule thereby decreasing thechromatographic mobility of compound 2b, in comparison to compounds 2aor 1 on reverse phase HPLC (FIG. 1 b).

In order to study the influence of the nucleobases on the N⇄Spseudorotational equilibrium of the sugar moiety, the ¹H-NMR spectra ofthe nucleosides 1-3 were measured in D₂O. The analysis was performed onthe basis of five vicinal ¹H,¹H coupling constants using the PSEUROTprogram [23]. According to Table 2 the 8-aza-7-deazapurin-2,6-diaminenucleoside 2a shows a more pronounced N-conformer population than thecorresponding purine nucleoside 1, while the N-type population of therelated 7-deazapurine nucleoside 3 is decreased. This is in line with anincrease of the □-electron deficiency of the 8-aza-7-deazapurine system.An additional effect of the electron-withdrawing 7-bromo substituent isnot observed (2b) but was found for the more electron-attracting cyanogroup introduced into the 7-position of 8-aza-7-deaza-2′-deoxyguanosine[24]. The conformation around the C(4′)—C(5′) bond indicates that the8-aza-7-deazapurin-2,6-diamine nucleosides 2a and b as the8-aza-7-deaza-2′-deoxyguanosines [24], prefer the γ^(t)-(−sc)-rotamerpopulation, while for the regular purine nucleosides the γ^((+)g)-(+sc)-or the γ^((−)g)-(ap)-conformation is predominant [25].

TABLE 2 ³J (H, H) Coupling Constants of the Sugar Moieties andN/S-Conformer Populations of the 2′-Deoxyribonucleosides 1–3 at 303K.^(a)) ³J_(H,H)/Hz Conformation 1′,2′ 1,′,2″ 2′,3′ 2″,3′ 3′,4′ 4′,5′4′,5″ %N %S γ^((+)g) γ^(t) γ^((−)g) 1  7.30 6.10 7.00 3.10 3.40 3.204.30 31 69 62 25 13 2a 6.60 6.80 6.90 3.70 3.60 4.00 5.80 37 63 36 42 222b 6.60 6.70 6.80 3.70 3.90 4.30 5.90 37 63 32 43 25 3  7.90 6.40 6.203.10 3.00 3.87 4.82 25 75 48 32 20 ^(a))Solvent D₂O; r.m.s. < 0.4 Hz;|ΔJ_(max)| < 0.4 Hz.

In the past several laboratories have reported on a straightforwardprotection protocol for 2-amino-2′-deoxyadenosine (1). Drastichydrolysis conditions are necessary for the complete removal of benzoylprotecting groups [4] while the more labile phenoxyacetyl (pac) residueswere removed without difficulty [26], [27]. Nevertheless, the formationof the N-bis-acylated derivatives is encountered with difficulties dueto the monoprotection of the molecule [28] and an increased tendency ofthe acylated derivatives to be subjected to depurination [4]. Accordingto the observation that the nucleosides 2a,b are significantly morestable than the purine nucleoside 1 (Table 1) the N-acyl derivatives of2a,b should show similar properties. Therefore, the phenoxyacetylderivative 5a as well as the benzoyl compound 5b were prepared employingthe protocol of transient protection [29]. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenylphenoxyacetate [27] or benzoyl chloride [30] were used as acylation reagentsThe bis-phenoxyacylated derivative 5a was formed as it was described forthe purine compound 1 [19]. However, the yield of 5a was rather low(30%). The bis-benzoylated nucleoside 5b was isolated in much betteryield (63%) (Scheme 2; a) 6a: Pyridine; Me₃SiCl,2,4,5-trichlorophenylphenoxyacetate, 40°, 12 h. 6b: Pyridine, Me₃SiCl,PhCOCl, r.t., 12 h. b) Pyridine/(MeO)₂Tr—Cl, r.t., 4 h. c) THF,2-cyanoethyl diisopropylphosphoramidochloridite, r.t. 30 min). Bothcompounds (5a,b) were converted into the DMT-derivatives 6a,b using thestandard reaction conditions [31]. Phosphitylation in the presence of2-cyanoethyl diisopropylphosphoroamidochloridite and (^(i)Pr)₂EtNafforded the phosphoramidites 7a,b [32]. However, as the benzoylatedderivative 6b is poorly soluble in THF-solution, a large volume had tobe used. According to this the phosphitylation was less effective andthe yield of the phosphoramidite which is normally in the range of 80%was decreased to 67% (Scheme 2).

Deprotection of compound 5a (25% aq. NH₃, 40°, HPLC-monitoring) showedthat the first pac-group is removed within 5 min, while the removal ofthe second pac-group afforded 20 min. At r.t. a complete deprotectiontakes place in less than one hour. The complete removal of the twobenzoyl groups of compound 5b (25% aq. NH₃, 40°, HPLC monitoring)requires 8-9 h while the deprotection of the bis-benzoylated purinenucleoside 1 afforded several days [4] [7]. From this point of view thebenzoyl-protected phosphoramidite 7b represents a useful building blockfor the incorporation of compound 2a in oligonucleotides. Nevertheless,the low solubility of the intermediate 6b represents a problem.

In spite of this the synthesis of the N,N′-dialkylmethyliden derivativeswas 8a,b undertaken. Original attempts to introduceN,N′-dimethylaminomethylidene residues into the purine nucleoside 1failed due to the instability of the protecting groups [28]. TheN,N-dibutylaminomethyliden group [33] for the protection of theexocyclic amino function of an 8-aza-7-deazapurine analogue of2′-deoxyisoguanosine was used previously [34]. The same group was nowintroduced into the nucleosides 2a,b. The bis-anidines 8a,b wereobtained as the major products (50% yield), while the mono adducts(9a,b) were formed as minor components (17%). The formation of the monoadduct might be circumvented when the more vigorous conditions are used.For the protected nucleoside 8a,b the time of complete deprotection(conc. ammonia, 40°, HPLC-monitoring at 260 nm) was determined to be 440min for 8a and 450 min for 8b. A half-live value cannot be given as amono-protected intermediate is formed.

Subsequently, the 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl residues were introduced. Afterthe work-up of the reaction followed by silica gel flash-chromatographyone N,N′-dibutylaminomethylidene residue was hydrolyzed to give a formylgroup (Scheme 3; a) Pyridine/(MeO)₂Tr—Cl, r.t., 4 h. b) THF,2-cyanoethyl diisopropyl-phosphoramidochloridite, r.t., 30 min). Thisgroup is now protecting the 2-amino function, while the 6-amino group isstill carrying the dibutylaminomethylidene residue. The structure ofcompounds 10a,b was established on the basis of NMR spectra. The aminogroup (10.77 ppm) and the proton of the formyl residue (9.56 ppm) aresplit in doublets with J=9.88 Hz. This characteristic coupling patternhas already been observed for the formyl derivatives of5-aza-7-deaza-2′-deoxyguanosine [35] and 2-amino-8-aza-7-deazapurine2′-deoxynucleoside [36]. Phosphitylation of the DMT-derivatives 10a,bwas performed in THF in the presence ofchloro(2-cyanoethyl)-(diisopropylamino)phosphine furnishing thephosphoramidites 11a,b (Scheme 3). These phosphoramidites as well as thecorresponding building block 7b carrying benzoyl protecting groups canbe efficiently used in solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis resultingin high coupling yields. All compounds were characterized by ¹H-, ¹³C-,and ³¹P-NMR spectra and by elemental analysis (Table 3 and experimentalpart).

TABLE 3 ¹³C-NMR Chemical Shifts of Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine2′-Deoxyribonucleosides^(a)) C(2)^(b,d)) C(4)^(d)) C(5) C(6)^(d)) C(7)C═O/ C═O/ C(6)^(c)) C(7a) C(3a) C(4) C(3) ═CH ═CH C(1′) C(2′) C(3′)C(4′) C(5′)  2a 156.9 158.3 95.5 162.7 133.3 — — 83.3 38.0 71.3 87.462.7  2b 157.4 157.6 94.5 162.7 119.2 — — 83.0 27.5 70.9 87.3 62.4  5a152.2 154.8 100.5 156.1 136.1 168.5 169.1 83.6 37.7 71.1 87.7 62.5  5b153.3 155.2 102.2 156.1 134.0 165.6 166.3 83.5 37.6 70.9 87.5 62.3  6a152.2 154.8 100.5 155.9 135.9 168.5 169.2 83.7 38.1 70.8 85.6 64.3  6b153.3 155.3 102.3 156.1 132.2 165.7 166.4 83.7 38.0 70.9 85.6 64.4 8a^(f)) 157.1 157.6 106.0 158.9 134.9 164.1 166.2 86.1 41.2 73.7 89.164.3  8b 156.1 156.1 103.6 157.9 121.4 162.1 164.4 83.3 37.5 70.8 87.562.2  8b^(f)) 157.1 157.7 104.7 159.2 122.9 163.  166.7 86.2 41.0 73.889.0 64.2  9° 156.6 157.3 102.4 162.3 133.7 162.9 —^(e)) 83.1 37.8 71.287.3 62.6 10a^(f)) 155.5 155.5 107.1 156.8 134.9 161.8 163.7 84.2 38.373.6 86.7 64.9 10b 156.0 156.1 103.8 157.8 121.3 162.1 164.4 83.5 ^(e))70.5 85.3 64.1 ^(a))Measured in (D₆)DMSO at 298 K. ^(b))Purinenumbering. ^(c))Systematic numbering. ^(d))Tentative. ^(e))Superimposedby (D₆)DMSO. ^(f))Measured in CDCl₃.1.2. Oligonucleotides1.2.1 Synthesis and Characterization.

Automated solid-phase synthesis of the oligonucleotides 102-116 (Tables4-6) was performed using the phosphoramidites 7b and 11b as well asstandard phosphoramidites. The oligonucleotides were detritylated andpurified on oligonucleotide purification cartridges or by reversed-phaseHPLC (conditions for purification see experimental part). Thehomogeneity of the compounds was proven by ion-exchange chromatographyon a 4×250 mm NucleoPac PA-100 column (DIONEX, P/N 043018, USA). Thecomposition of the oligonucleotides was determined by tandem hydrolysiswith snake venom phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase as described(see FIG. 2 a,b) [2].

The 8-aza-7-deazapurin-2,6-diamine nucleosides 2a migrates slightlyslower than dA. The bromo compound 2b is much more hydrophobic as it canbe seen from the FIG. 2 b. From the modified oligonucleotides MALDI-TOFmass spectra were taken (Table 6, Experimental part). The correct masswas found in all cases which underlines that all protecting groups weresplit off during a 10 h ammonia treatment at 60°.

1.2.2 Duplex Stability

Because of the presence of three hydrogen bonds the n²A_(d)-dT base pair(II) is expected to show the same or a similar stability as a dG-dC pair(III). Experimental data obtained from DNA-melting experiments show thatthe thermodynamic stability of duplexes containing an n²A_(d)-dT basepair is somewhat higher than that with a dA-dT pairs but still remainsfar below that of a dG-dC pair. Various studies have been performed toexplain this dilemma but a convincing answer has not been given. Arather detailed examination of this matter has been undertaken by Sagyet al [11]. This author compared the thermal stabilities of a bidentatebase pair represented by the motifs dA-dU, dI-dC, dA-dT and dI-m⁵C_(d)with those of tridentade pairs such as n²A_(d)-dT, dG-dC, dG-m⁵C_(d) andothers. The experiments were performed with alternating polynucleotidessynthesized enzymatically. As long as a 2-amino group was absent(bidentate bases pairs), the various duplexes show all a very similarstability independently from the particular base structure. By insertionof a 2-amino group, which leads to the tridentate base pair thissimilarity disappears. The dG-dC base pair is now much more stable thanthe n²A_(d)-dT pair. The authors noted also a significant effect of the5-substituents attached to the pyrimidine moiety; while the presence ofa 5-methyl group results in a rather small stabilization; larger alkylgroups destabilize the DNA.

In order to evaluate the influence of the 8-aza-7-deazapurin-2,6-diaminenucleosides 2a,b on the base pair stability in comparison to the purinenucleoside 1 all three compounds were incorporated into thenon-self-complementary duplex 5′-d(TAGGTCAATACT) (102) and5′-d(AGTATTGACCTA) (103). This duplex is used as a standard in ourlaboratory to study the influence of modified nucleosides on the thermalstability and the structural behavior of the helical formation. TheT_(m)-value of (102•103) is 46° in 0.1 M NaCl in the presence of 10 mMMgCl₂ and 10 mM Na-cacodylate buffer. The incorporation of sixn²A_(d)-residues instead of six dA residues increases the T_(m)-value byonly 4° (see duplex 104•105, Table 4). This corresponds to a 0.7°T_(m)-increase per residue. Similar findings have been reported fromexperiments performed in other laboratories [5-12]. When four8-aza-7-deazapurin-2,6-diamine nucleosides 2a were replacing dA anincrease of the T_(m)-value already from 46° to 52° was measured, whichcorresponds to a 1.5° increase per modified residue (compare duplexes102•103 vs. 108•109). As the stability increase caused by ann²A_(d)-residue was only 0.7°, the 8-aza-7-deazapurin-2,6-diamine formsa more stable tridentate base pairs with dT than that of thepurin-2,6-diamine.

TABLE 4 T_(m) Value and Thermodynamic Data of Antiparallel StrandedOligonucleotides Containing Purin-2,6-diamine 2′-Deoxyribonucleoside andRelated Pyrazolo[3,4-d]- pyrimidine Analogs.^(a)) T_(m) ΔH⁰ ΔS⁰ ΔG⁰ ₃₁₀[° C.] [kcal/mol] [cal/mol · K] [kcal/mol] 5′-d(TAG GTC AAT ACT) (102)· (103) 46 −86 −230 −10.3 3′-d(ATC CAG TTA TGA) 5′-d(T1G GTC 11T 1CT)(104) · (105) 50 −58 −155 −11.2 3′-d(ATC C1G TT1 TGA) 5′-d(TAG GCC GGCACT) (106) · (107) 65 −92 −247 −16.0 3′-d(ATC CGG CCG TGA) 5′-d(TAG GTC2a2aT ACT) (108) · (109) 52 −105 −299 −12.7 3′-d(ATC C2aG TT2a TGA)5′-d(TAG GTC 2b2bT ACT) (110) · (111) 68 −110 −297 −17.9 3′-d(ATC C2bGTT2b TGA) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2b2bT ACT) (110) · (103) 56 −85 −232 −12.93′-d(ATC CAG TTA TGA) 5′-d(TAG GTC AAT ACT) (102) · (111) 58 −88 −239−13.4 3′-d(ATC C2bG TT2b TGA) ^(a))Measured at 260 nm in 0.1 M NaCl, 0.1M MgCl₂, and 10 mM Na-cacodylate buffer, pH 7.0 with 5 + μM oligomerconcentration.

It has been shown that 7-substituents of 7-deazapurines as well as of8-aza-7-deazapurine are well accommodated in the major groove of DNA[1-3]. In particular, halogen substituents show very favorableproperties with regard to duplex stability. This prompted us to replacedA-residues now by the 7-bromo derivative 2b. According to Table 4 theduplex (20•21) shows a remarkable stability. The T_(m)-value was 68°compared to 46° of the duplex with dA-dT pairs. The duplex stability isstrengthened by 5.5° per modified base. The duplex (106•107) containingfour dG-residues at the same positions lead to a T_(m)-value of 65°which corresponds to a 5° T_(m)-increase. Thus, the stability of a basepair motif IV (Scheme 4) which follows a dA-dT recognition motif is nowas stable as a dG-dC pair (base pair III).

An explanation for this unexpected observation can be given on the basisof the basicity differences of the amino groups of the8-aza-7-deazapurin-2,6-diamine nucleosides 2a,b compared to that of thepurin-2,6-diamine nucleoside 1. As discussed above the third hydrogenbond of compound 1 contributes very little to the n²A_(d)-dT base pairstability (Scheme 4, base pair II) while the 2-amino group of dG makes alarge contribution to the stability of a dG-dC pair. With regard to thechemical structure of the molecule, both, the amino group of dG andisoG_(d) are part of an actylated guanidine moiety which is expected tobe considerably less basic than the 2-amino group of n²A_(d) which isalso a part of guanidine system being now aromatic but is not connectedto an electron-attracting moiety. These differences cause the lowacidity of the 2-amino group of 1 compared to dG or isoG_(d). Thisproperty is already noticeable in the extraordinary resistance of theacylated 2-amino group of 1 against alkaline deprotection (see above).Next, the question has to be answered why compounds 1 and 2a,b aredifferent. Contrary to compound 1, one can draw mesomeric structures ofthe base of compounds 2a,b with a positive charge either at the 2- orthe 6-amino group and a negative one at the pyrazole nitrogen-2.

These mesomeric formulas explain the acidity (reduced basicity) of the2-amino group of 2a over that of 1. When a bromo or otherelectron-attracting substituents are introduced at the 7-position thiseffect is even strengthened. Thus, the 2-amino-group of 2a will become abetter donor for hydrogen bonds with dT than the 2-amino group of 1. Theadditional bromo substituent can cause several favorable effects: (i) Itacidifies the 2-amino group further; (ii) it represents a hydrophobicgroup in the major groove of the DNA-duplex; (iii) it can form ahydrogen bond with the 2-amino group. Apart from these properties of themonomeric units the environmental conditions of the base within thenucleic acid duplexes have to modulate the stability of the n²A-dT basepairs. Otherwise, it cannot be explained why the stability of such abase pair is different in DNA-duplexes, DNA-RNA hybrids or PNA-duplexes.

Yet, it has not been proven whether the T_(m)-value increases linearlywith the number of incorporated 8-aza-7-deazapurine residues. In thecase of compound 1 such a study has been undertaken, which showed thatin poly(dA-dT) a linear relationship exists when the replacement of dAby the n²A_(d)-residues did not exceed 50%. However, there was nofurther T_(m)-increase at higher n²A_(d)-incorporation when theT_(m)-values were measured at low salt concentration. A similarobservation as made on synthetic oligonucleotides was obtained for DNAof the cyano phage S-2L which contains n²A_(d) instead of dA [38]. Inorder to identify the helical structure of the duplexes CD-spectra ofthe duplexes 102•103 to 110•111 were measured [39]. The CD-spectra ofall duplexes indicate a B-like DNA structure, with a positive Cottoneffect around 270 nm to 290 nm and a negative lobe around 250 nm (seeFIG. 3 a).

It has been reported that the purine nucleoside 1 forms more stableduplexes with complementary RNA than with DNA [40]. Therefore,oligonucleotides containing 1 or 2a,b were hybridized with acomplementary oligoribonucleotide 114 (Table 5). According to Table 5the DNA-RNA hybrid 104•114 shows a T_(m)-increase over that of theparent 102•114. The 8-aza-7-deazapurin-2,6-diamine residue 2a shows asimilar effect as that of 1. An additional stabilization is observedwhen the bromo compound 2b was incorporated. All CD-spectra of theDNA-RNA hybrids (see FIG. 3 b) adopt the form of an A-DNA.

TABLE 5 T_(m) Value and Thermodynamic Data of RNA-DNA and DNA-DNAhybrids.^(a)) T_(m) ΔH⁰ ΔS⁰ ΔG⁰ ₃₁₀ [° C.] [kcal/mol] [cal/mol · K][kcal/mol] 5′-d(TAG GTC AAT ACT)(102) · (114) 45 −92 −264 −10.2 3′-(AUCCAG UUA UGA) 5′-d(T1G GTC 11T 1CT)(104) · (114) 48 −60 −162 −11.03′-(AUC CAG UUA UGA) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2a2aT ACT)(108) · (114) 48 −89 −263−11.0 3′-(AUC GAG UUA UGA) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2b2bT ACT)(110) · (114) 53 −93−258 −12.4 3 ′-(AUG GAG UUA UGA) ^(a))See Table 4.

Finally, the base pairing properties of the nucleosides 1 and 2a,b werestudied in parallel-stranded DNA (ps-DNA) [37], [42]. For this purposeit was necessary to exchange the dC-dG pair by a m⁵iC_(d)-dG and/ordC-iG_(d) pair. As standard duplexes the hybrids (102•115) or (116•103)were chosen. In both series of experiments the purin-2,6-diamine (1)destabilized the ps-hybrids (104•115 and 116•105). The nucleoside 2aalready led to slightly more stable duplexes (see Table 6). As in thecase of antiparallel DNA the bromo derivative 2b resulted in asignificant increase of the T_(m)-value (110•115 and 116•111). The twosets of CD-spectra (FIG. 4 a,b) of the ps-duplexes are rather differentto those of aps-hybrids (see FIG. 4 a).

From these results it is apparent that the 2-amino group causesdestabilization in the series of purine compounds and reduces thestabilizing effect observed in aps-DNA significantly. This behavior isnot surprising at it was already observed that mono-substitutedpurin-2-amine or 8-aza-7-deazapurin-2-amine have a rather unfavorableinfluence on the stability of the ps-DNA [36] [42].

TABLE 6 T_(m) value, Thermodynamic Data of Parallel StrandedOligonucleotides Formed by Oligonucleotides Containing iG_(d) andm⁵iC_(d · ) ^(a, b)) T_(m) ΔH⁰ ΔS⁰ ΔG⁰ ₃₁₀ [° C.] [kcal/mol] [cal/mol· K] [kcal/mol] 5′-d(TAG GTC AAT ACT) (102) · (115) [37] 39 −74 −211−8.8 5′-d(ATiC iCAiG TTA TiGA) 5′-d(T1G GTC 11T 1CT) (104) · (115) 36−76 −200 −7.9 5′-d(ATiC iCAiG TTA TiGA) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2a2aT ACT) (108)· (115) 41 −62 −171 −9.0 5′-d(ATiC iCAiG TTA TiGA) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2b2bTACT) (110) · (115) 45 −67 −184 −10.2 5′-d(ATiC iCAiG TTA TiGA) 5′-d(TiCATAA iCTiG iGAT) (116) · (103) [37] 44 −85 −%242 −10.3 5′-d(AGT ATT GACCTA) 5′-d(TiCA TAA iCTIG iGAT) (116) · (105) 39 −61 −170 −8.4 5′-d(AGT1TT G1C CTA) 5′-d(TiCA TAA iCTiG iGAT) (116) · (109) 45 −80 −230 −10.35′-d(AGT 2aTT G2aC CTA) 5′-d(TiCA TAA iCTiG iGAT) (116) · (111) 48 −68−186 −10.9 5′-d(AGT 2bTT G2bC CTA) ^(a))Measured at 260 nm in 1 M NaCl,0.1 M 1₂, 60 mM Na-cacodylate buffer, pH 7.0 with 5 + 5 μM oligomerconcentration. ^(b))d(iC) = m⁵iC_(d) = 2′-deoxy-5-methylisocytidine.

The two amino groups of the 8-aza-7-deazapurine nucleosides 2a,b can beprotected with either benzoyl residues or dibutylaminomethylene groupswithout causing depurination problems during the acidic detritylation orthe deprotection under standard conditions in ammonia. The problems ofdepurination and an extraordinary high stability of the 2-aminoprotecting groups of the purin-2,6-diamine nucleoside 1 is not observed.

1.3 Experimental Part

Monomers: General. See [2]. Flash chromatography (FC): 0.4 bar on silicagel 60 H (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC):Aluminium sheets silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ (0.2 mm, Merck, Germany). TLCScanning: CS-930 TLC scanner (Shimadzu, Japan). Solvent systems forflash chromatography (FC) and TLC: CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 98:2 (A) CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 95:5(B), CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 9:1(C), CH₂Cl₂/acetone 95:5 (D),CH₂Cl₂/acetone 9:1 (E),CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc 85:15 (F). M.p.: Büchi-SMP-20 apparatus (Büchi,Switzerland); uncorrected. NMR Spectra: Avance -DPX-250 and AMX-500spectrometers (Bruker, Germany); δ values are in ppm downfield frominternal SiMe₄ (¹H, ¹³C). Microanalyses were performed byMikroanalytisches Labor Beller (Göttingen, Germany).

Oligonucleotides:

Synthesis and purification of Oligonucleotides 102-116. The synthesiswas carried out on an automated DNA synthesizer (Applied Biosystems,model ABI 392-08 for phosphoramidite chemistry) in a 1 μmol scale with3′-phosphoramidites of [(MeO)₂Tr]ib²G_(d), [(MeO)₂Tr]bz⁶A_(d),[(MeO)₂Tr]bz⁴C_(d) and [(MeO)₂Tr]T_(d), together with thephosphoramidites of the derivatives 7b and 11b. The synthesis of theoligomers followed the regular protocol of the DNA synthesizer forphosphoramidites. After cleavage from the solid-support, theoligonucleotides were deprotected in 25% NH₃/H₂O (12-15 h at 60°). Thepurification of the 5′-(dimethoxytrityl)-oligomers were performed by OPCcartridges as well as by reversed-phase HPLC (RP-18). The followingsolvent gradient was used (A, MeCN; B, 0.1 M (Et₃NH)OAc (pH 7.0)/MeCN95:5): 3 min 20% A in B, 12 min 15-40% A in B with a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. To remove the 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl residues they were treatedwith 2.5% CHCl₂COOH/CH₂Cl₂ for 5 min at r.t. The detritylated oligomerswere purified by reversed-phase HPLC with the gradient: 20 min 0-20% Ain B with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The oligomers were desalted on ashort column (RP-18, silica gel) using H₂O for the elution of the salt,while the oligomers were eluted with MeOHIH₂O 3:2. The oligomers werelyophilized on a Speed-Vac evaporator to yield colorless solids whichwere frozen at −24°.

TABLE 7 Molecular Masses M⁺ of Oligonucleotides 12, 13 and 18–21determined by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectroscopy M+ Oligomer M+ (calc.) (found)5′-d(TAG GTC AAT ACT) (102) 3644.4 3645 5′-d(AGT ATT GAC CTA) (103)3644.4 3645 5′-d(TAG GTC 2a2aT ACT) (108) 3674.4 3677 5′-d(AGT 2aTT G2aCCTA) (109) 3674.4 3675 5′-d(TAG GTC 2b2bT ACT) (110) 3832.5 38305′-d(AGT 2bTT G2bC CTA) (111) 3832.5 3832

The MALDI-TOF-spectra were measured on a Biflex III by Dr. T. Wenzel(Bruker Saxonia, Germany). Nucleoside-Composition Analysis. The analyseswere performed as described in [37]. Extinction coefficients of thenucleoside constituents: ε₂₆₀: dA 15400, dT 8800, dG 11700, dC 7600,iG_(d) 7400, m⁵iC_(d) 6300, 2a 8800, 2b 8700. Snake-venomphosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.1., Crotallus durissus) and alkalinephosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1., E. coli) were obtained from Roche DiagnosticsGmbH, Germany.

Determination of T_(m) Values and Thermodynamic Data. Absorbance vs.temperature profiles were measured on a Cary-1/1E UV/VIS spectrometer(Varian, Australia) equipped with a Cary thermoelectrical controller.The T_(m) values were determined in the reference cell with a Pt-100resistor, and the thermodynamic data were calculated using the Meltwin3.0 program [43].

Circular Dichroism Spectra. The CD-spectra were recorded with aJasco-600 (Jasco, Japan) spectropolarimeter with thermostatically(Lauda-RCS-6 bath) controlled 1 cm cuvettes. UV-Spectra: 150-20spectrometer (Hitachi, Japan).

3-Bromo-1-[2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidin-4,6-diamine(2b). A soln. of compd 4b [18] (1.0 g, 2.6 mmol) in aq. 25% NH₃ (80 ml)was heated at 70° for 4 d in a steel vessel. The solvent was evaporated,and the residue was dissolved in hot H₂O. Crystallization occurred uponcooling. Colorless needles (646 mg, 72%). M.p. 155°. TLC (C): R_(f) 0.2.UV (MeOH): 260 (8700), 278 (9000). ¹H-NMR ((D₆)DMSO): 2.16, 2.68 (2m,H₂—C(2′)); 3.38, 3.48 (2m, H₂—C(5′)); 3.77 (m, H—C(4′)); 4.36 (m,H—C(3′)); 4.72 (t, J=4.9, HO—C(5′)); 5.19 (d, J=4.1, HO—C(3′)); 6.32(‘t’, J=6.5, H—C(1′)); 6.39 (s, NH₂); 6.77 (br, NH₂). Anal. calc. forC₁₀H₁₃BrN₆O₃ (345.2): C34.80, H 3.80, N 24.35. Found: C, 34.97; H, 3.97;N, 24.21.

N⁴,N⁶-Bis(phenoxyacetyl)-1-[2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidin-4,6-diamine(5a). Compd. 2a [15] (1.5 g, 5.6 mmol) was dried by coevaporation withpyridine. The residue was dissolved in pyridine (25 ml) andtrimethylsilyl chloride (3.3 ml, 26 mmol) was added at r.t whilestirring. Stirring was continued for 15 min and a soln. of2,4,5-trichlorophenyl phenoxyacetate (5.4 g, 16.4 mmol) [27] in pyridine(15 ml) was added in one portion. The reaction mixture was stirred for16 h at 40°. It was cooled (ice bath) and H₂O (4.2 ml) was added. After5 min, aq. 25% NH₃ (6 ml) was introduced, and the mixture wasconcentrated to dryness. The residue was applied FC (eluant: A→C)yielding a colorless foam (900 mg, 30%). TLC (C): R_(f) 0.4. UV (MeOH):266 (9100). ¹H-NMR ((D₆)DMSO): 2.26, 2.82 (2m, H₂—C(2′)); 3.34, 3.48(2m, H₂—C(5′)); 3.82 (m, H—C(4′)); 4.44 (m, H—C(3′)); 4.73 (t, J=5.5,HO—C(5); 5.14 (s, OCH₂)); 5.17 (d, J=4.3, HO—C(3′)); 6.60 (‘t’, J=6.3,H—C(1′)); 6.92-7.32 (m,arom. H); 8.41 (s, H—C(3)); 10.77 (s, NH); 11.30(s, NH). Anal. calc. for C₂₆H₂₆N₆O₇ (534.5): C 58.42, H 4.90, N 15.72.Found: C, 58.68; H, 4.78; N, 15.20.

N⁴,N⁶-Bis(phenoxyacetyl)-1-[2-deoxy-5-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidin-4,6-diamine(6a). Compd. 5a (0.8 g, 1.5 mmol) was coevaporated twice with pyridine.The residue was dissolved in pyridine (2 ml) and 4,4′-dimethoxytritylchloride (0.6 g, 1.77 mmol) was added. Stirring at r.t. was continuedfor 4 h than the soln. was diluted with MeOH (5 ml) and washed with 5%aq. sodium bicarbonate (3×20 ml). The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄)and concentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by FC (eluant:D→E) yielding a colorless foam (310 mg, 25%). TLC (E): R_(f) 0.3. UV(MeOH): 266 (8900). ¹H NMR: ((D₆)DMSO): 2.32, 2.81 (2m, H₂—C(2′)); 2.99(2m, H₂—C(5′)); 3.67 (2s, OCH₃); 3.95 (m, H—C(3′)); 5.15 (s, OCH₂));5.33 (d, J=4.7, HO—C(3′)); 6.62 (‘t’, J=6.3, H—C(1′)); 6.69-7.31 (m,arom. H); 8.36 (s, H—C(3)); 10.83 (s, NH); 11.56 (s, NH). Anal. calc.for C₄₇H₄₄N₆O₉ (836.9): C 67.45, H 5.30, N 10.04. Found: C, 66.95; H,5.41; N, 10.15.

N⁴,N⁶-Bis(phenoxyacetyl)-1-[2-deoxy-5-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidin-4,6-diamine3′-[(2-Cyanoethyl) N,N-Diisopropyl-phosphoramidite](7a). To a soln. ofcompd. 7a (0.15 g, 0.18 mmol) in THF (0.5 ml), (¹Pr)₂EtN (0.12 ml, 0.71mmol) and 2-cyanoethyl diisopropylphosphoramidochloridite (64 mg, 0.27mmol) were added. Stirring under argon atmosphere at r.t. was continuedfor 30 min. Then, the mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml) and 5% aq.NaHCO₃. The mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×15 ml). The combinedorganic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated to give an oil. Theresidue was submitted to FC (eluant: F) yielding (80 mg, 43%) of acolorless foam. TLC (F): R_(f)0.8. ³¹P-NMR (CDCl₃): 149.2, 149.4.

N⁴,N⁶-Bis(benzoyl)-1-[2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidin-4,6-diamine(5b). Compd. 2a [17] (1 g, 3.8 mmol) was coevaporated twice with tolueneand dissolved in pyridine (40 ml) and TMS-Cl (4.0 g, 36.8 mmol). Thereaction mixture was stirred under argon atmosphere, cooled to 0° andPhCOCl (6.6 ml, 57 mmol) were added drop-wise to the soln. over a periodof 30 min. After stirring overnight at r.t. the mixture was diluted inEtOAc (200 ml) and washed with a sat. sodium bicarbonate soln. (200 ml)and ice cold H₂O (200 ml). The aq. layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×400ml). The combined org. layers were evaporated to dryness and dissolvedin THF/MeOH/H₂O 5:4:1 (250 ml). The dark orange soln. was cooled to 0°,and 2 N NaOH (25 ml) was added while stirring was continued for 40 min.The residue was purified by FC (eluant: A→B) yielding 1.1 g (61%) of anamorphous solid. TLC (B): R_(f) 0.3. UV (MeOH): 245 (16400), 274(15200). ¹H-NMR ((D₆)DMSO): 2.13, 2.67 (2m, H₂—C(2′)); 3.38, 3.52 (2m,H₂—C(5′)); 3.84 (m, H—C(4′)); 4.46 (m, H—C(3′)); 4.72 (t, J=5.7,HO—C(5′)); 5.29 (d, J=4.4, HO—C(3′)); 6.66 (‘t’, J=6.5, H—C(1′));7.51-8.11 (m, arom. H); 8.40 (s, H—C3); 10.95 (s, NH); 11.49 (s, NH).Anal. calc. for C₂₄H₂₂N₆O₅ (474.5): C, 60.75; H, 4.67; N, 17.71. Found:C, 61.03; H, 4.70; N, 17.58.

N⁴,N⁶-Bis(benzoyl)-1-[2-deoxy-5-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidin-4,6-diamine(6a). As described for 6a with 5a (500 mg, 1.05 mmol) and DMT-Cl (460mg, 1.35 mmol) in pyridine (3 ml). The residue was purified by FC(eluant: D→E) yielding 400 mg (49%) of a colorless foam. TLC (E): R_(f)0.4. UV (MeOH): 244 (16400), 275 (15200). ¹H-NMR ((D₆)DMSO): 2.35, 2.67(2m, H₂—C(2′)); 3.07, 3.10 (2m, H₂—C(5′)); 3.68, 3.69 (2s, OCH₃); 3.97(m, H—C(3′)); 5.35 (d, J=4.8, HO—C(3′)); 6.72-8.11 (m, arom. H); 8.36(s, H—C(3)); 11.01 (s, NH); 11.54 (s, NH).

N⁴,N⁶-Bis(benzoyl)-1-[2-deoxy-5-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidin-4,6-diamine3′-[(2-Cyanoethyl) N,N-Diisopropylphosphoramidite] (7b). As describedfor 7a with 6b (110 mg, 0.14 mmol), (¹Pr)₂EtN (75 μl, 0.43 mmol) and2-cyanoethyl diisopropylphosphoramidochloridite (38 μl, 0.17 mmol) inTHF (3 ml) at 30°. The oily residue was submitted to FC (eluant: F)yielding 92 mg (67%) of a colorless foam. TLC (F): R_(f) 0.8.³¹P-NMR(CDCl₃): 149.82, 149.63.

N⁴,N⁶-Bis((di-n-butylamino)methylene)-1-[2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidin-4,6-diamine(8a). To a stirred suspension of 2a (300 mg, 1.13 mmol) in MeOH (5 ml)N,N-di-n-butylformamide dimethyl acetal (790 μl, 3.39 mmol) was added.Stirring was continued for 2 h at 40°. The reaction mixture wasevaporated to dryness and the residue adsorbed on silica gel. FC(eluant: A→B) afforded two main products. From the faster migrating zonea colorless foam of 8a (330 mg, 53%) was isolated. TLC (B): R_(f)0.4. UV(MeOH): 235 (22800), 274 (13800), 322 (25 700). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃):0.87-0.95 (m, CH₂CH₃); 1.26-1.38 (m, CH₂CH₃); 1.57-1.60 (m, CH₂CH₂);2.42-2.92 (m, H₂—C(2′)); 3.26-3.72 (2m, H₂—C(5′), NCH₂); 3.88 (m,H—C(4′)); 4.39 (m, H—C(3′)); 4.78 (t, J=5.8, HO—C(5′)); 5.21 (d, J=4.8,HO—C(3′)); 6.55 (‘t’, J=6.9, H—C(1′)); 7.93 (s, H—C(3( ); 8.66 (s,N═CH); 8.88 (s, N═CH). Anal. calc. for C₂₈H₄₉N₈O₃ (544.7): C, 61.74; H,8.88; N, 20.57; Found: C, 61.71; H 8.91; N 20.57;. From the slowermigrating zone1-[2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-N-⁶-((di-n-butylamino)-methylene)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidin-4,6-diamine(9a) (80 mg ,17%) was obtained. TLC (B): R_(f)0.3. UV (MeOH): 235(23000), 275 (14900), 320 (22100). ¹H-NMR ((D₆)DMSO): 0.88-0.95 (m,CH₂CH₃); 1.27-1.36 (m, CH₂CH₃); 1.53-1.62 (m, CH₂CH₂); 2.21 (m,H—C(2′)); 2.91 (m, H—C(2′)); 3.38-3.59 (2m, H₂—C(5′), NCH₂); 3.79 (m,H—C(4′)); 4.40 (m, H—C(3′)); 4.78 (t, J=5.8, HO—C(5′)); 5.19 (d, J=4.4,HO—C(3′)); 6.36 (s, NH₂); 6.40 (‘t’, J=6.5, H—C(1′)); 7.77 (s, H—C(3));8.69 (s, N═CH). Anal. calc. for C₁₉H₃₁N₇O₃ (405.5): C, 56.28; H, 7.71;N, 24.18; Found: C, 55.98; H, 7.52; N, 24.05.

N⁴,N⁶-Bis((di-n-butylamino)methylene)-3-bromo-1-[2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidin-4,6-diamine(8b). As described for 8a, with 2b (350 mg, 1 mmol) andN,N-di-n-butylformamide dimethyl acetal (720 μl, 3.1 mmol) in MeOH (7ml) for 2 h at 40°. After FC (eluant: A→B) two main products wereisolated. The faster migrating zone gave 8b as a foam (310 mg, 50%).TLC(B): R_(f)0.3. UV (MeOH): 235 (22500), 275 (14500), 320 (22100).¹H-NMR ((D₆)DMSO): 0.94-0.99 (m, CH₂CH₃); 1.32-1.44 (m, CH₂CH₃);1.59-1.73 (m, CH₂CH₂); 2.21 (m, H—C(2′)); 2.91 (m, H—C(2′)); 3.32-3.78(2m, H₂—C(5′), NCH₂); 3.89 (m, H—C(4′)); 4.40 (m, H—C(3′)); 4.78 (t,J=5.8, HO—C(5′)); 5.19 (d, J=4.4, HO—C(3′)); 6.81 (‘t’, J=6.5, H—C(1′));8.69 (s, N═CH); 8.94 (s, N═CH). Anal. calc. for C₂₈H₄₇BrN₈O₃ (623.6): C,53.93; H, 7.60; N, 17.97; Found: C, 54.01; H, 7.52; N, 18.05. The slowerzone furnished3-bromo-1-[2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-N⁶-((di-n-butylamino)methylene)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidin-4,6-diamine (9b) (75 mg, 16%). TLC(B): R_(f)0.3. UV(MeOH): 236 (21600), 276 (14000), 320 (21900). ¹H-NMR ((D₆)DMSO):0.90-0.96 (m, CH₂CH₃); 1.30-1.39 (m, CH₂CH₃); 1.59-1.73 (m, CH₂CH₂);2.23 (m, H—C(2′)); 2.89 (m, H—C(2′)); 3.35-3.78 (2m, H₂—C(5′), NCH₂);3.84 (m, H—C(4′)); 4.43 (m, H—C(3′)); 4.80 (t, J=5.7, HO—C(5′)); 5.23(d, J=4.6, HO—C(3′)); 6.40 (s, NH₂); 6.81 (‘t’, J=6.4, H—C(1′)); 8.65(s, N═CH). Anal. calc. for C₁₉H₃₀BrN₇O₃ (484.4): C, 47.11; H, 6.24; N20.24; Found: C, 47.23; H, 6.52; N, 20.35.

1-[2-Deoxy-5-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-N⁴-((di-n-butylamino)methylene)-N⁶-formyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidin-4,6-diamine(10a). As described for 6a with 8a (80 mg, 0.15 mmol), DMT-Cl (60 mg,0.18 mmol) in pyridine (0.5 ml). The residue was purified by FC (eluant:D→E) yielding 85 mg (77%) of a colorless foam. TLC (E): R_(f)0.3. UV(MeOH): 235 (22800), 276 (20000), 320 (24800).¹H-NMR (CDCl₃): 0.98-1.05(m, CH₂CH₃); 1.14-1.48 (m, CH₂CH₃); 1.65-1.78 (m, CH₂CH₂); 2.42-2.92 (m,H₂—C(2′)); 3.35-3.70 (2m, H₂—C(5′), NCH₂); 3.71 (s, OCH₃); 4.06 (m,H—C(4′)); 4.39 (m, H—C(3′)); 5.21 (d, J=4.8, HO—C(3′)); 6.55 (‘t’J=6.6,H—C(1′)); 6.76-7.96 (m, arom. H); 7.94 (d, J=10.5, NH); 7.96 (s,H—C(3)); 8.81(s, N═CH); 9.57 (d, J=10.5, CHO). Anal. calc. forC₄₁H₄₉N₇O₆ (735.9): C, 66.92; H, 6.71; N, 13.32; Found: C, 66.85; H,6.56; N, 13.40.

3-Bromo-1-[2-deoxy-5-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-N⁴-((di-n-butylamino)methylene)-N⁶-formyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidin-4,6-diamine(10b). As described for 6a with 8b (310 mg, 0.5 mmol), DMT-Cl (202 mg,0.6 mmol) in pyridine (2 ml). The residue was purified twice by FC(eluant: D→E) yielding 250 mg (61%) of a colorless foam. TLC (E):R_(f)0.3. UV (MeOH): 235 (22900), 276 (21100), 320 (25300). ¹H-NMR(D₆)DMSO): 0.90-0.96 (m, CH₂CH₃); 1.28-1.37 (m, CH₂CH₃); 1.61-1.68 (m,CH₂CH₂); 2.21 (m, H—C(2′)); 2.91 (m, H—C(2′)); 3.03 (2 m, H₂—C(5′));3.35-3.52 (m, NCH₂); 3.69 (s, OCH₃); 3.90 (m, H—C(4′)); 4.48 (m,H—C(3′)); 5.32 (d, J=4.7, HO—C(3′)); 6.46 (‘t’, J=6.2, H—C(1′));6.73-7.31 (m, arom. H); 8.99 (s, N═CH); 9.56 (d, J=9.89, NH); 10.77 (d,J=9.88, CHO). Anal. calc. for C₄₁H₄₈BrN₇O₆ (814.8): C, 60.44; H, 5.94,N, 12.03; Found: C, 60.36; H, 5.73; N, 11.85.

1-[2-Deoxy-5-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-N⁴-((di-n-butylamino)methylene)-N⁶-formyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidin-4,6-diamine 3′-[(2-Cyanoethyl)N,N-Diisopropylphosphoramidite] (11a). As described for 7a with 10a (110mg, 0.15 mmol), (^(i)Pr)₂EtN (78 μl, 45 mmol) and 2-cyanoethyldiisopropylphosphoramidochloridite (47 μl, 0.2 mmol) in THF (2 ml). Theoily residue was submitted to FC (eluant: F) yielding 75 mg (53%) of acolorless foam. TLC (F): R_(f)0.8. ³¹P-NMR (CDCl₃): 149.58, 149.52.

3-Bromo-1-[2-deoxy-5-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-N⁴-((di-n-butylamino)methylene)-N⁶-formyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidin-4,6-diamine3′-[(2-Cyanoethyl) N,N-Diisopropylphosphoramidite] (11b). As describedfor 7a with 10b (90 mg, 0.11 mmol), (^(i)Pr)₂EtN (63 μl, 0.36 mmol) and2-cyanoethyl diisopropylphosphoramido-chloridite (31 μl, 0.14 mmol) inTHF (1 ml). The oily residue was submitted to FC (eluant: F) yielding 80mg (72%) of a colorless foam. TLC (F): R_(f)0.8. ³¹P-NMR (CDCl₃):149.58, 149.53.

Example 2 Synthesis of the 7-iodo-Derivatives

Oligonucleotides were synthesized containing halogenated “purine” andpyrimidine bases. Bromo and iodo substituents were introduced into the7-position of 8-aza-7-deazapurin-2,6-diamine (2b, c) or into the5-position of uracil residues (3b, c). Phosphoramidites were synthesizedusing the isobutyryl-residue for the protection of 2b and the benzoylgroup for 2c. Duplexes containing the residues 2b or 2c gave alwayshigher T_(m) values than those of the non-modified counterpartscontaining 2′-deoxyadenosine, the purin-2,6-diamine2′-deoxyribonucleoside (1) or 2a at the same positions. Six 2b-residuesreplacing dA in the duplex 5′-d(TAGGTCAATACT) (102)•5′-d(AGTATTGACCTA)(103) raised the T_(m)-value from 48° to 75° (4.5° per modification).Contrary to this, incorporation of the 5-halogenated 2′-deoxyuridines 3bor 3c into oligonucleotide duplexes showed very little influence on thethermal stability, regardless which “purine” nucleoside is locatedopposite to them. The positive effects on the thermal stability ofduplexes observed in DNA were also found in DNA-RNA hybrids or DNA withparallel chain orientation.

The following data compare the effects of halogen substituents such asbromine and iodine introduced into the 7-position of8-aza-7-deazapurin-2,6-diamine 2′-deoxyribonucleosides 2b, c and the2′-deoxyuridine derivatives 3b, c (purine numbering is used; see Scheme6). These nucleosides will be incorporated into various positions ofduplex DNA, and the number of incorporations will be increased,stepwise. As the halogen substituents are directed into the majorgroove, in both the series, the “purine” and pyrimidine nucleosides, itwas of interest to quantify the effects. Furthermore, the effect ofmultiple incorporations will be investigated as it is known from otherduplex-stabilizing nucleosides, that the stabilizing effects level offwith an increasing number of modified nucleoside incorporations (C.Bailly, M. J. Waring, Nucleic Acids Res. 1998, 26, 4309 and referencestherein; J. Sági, E. Szakonyi, M. Vorlickova, J. Kypr, J. Biomolec.Struct. Dyn. 1996, 13, 1035.). Oligonucleotide duplexes incorporating7-halogenated 7-deazapurines (=pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines) showdifferences in the series of 7-iodo and 7-bromo compounds (F. Seela, M.Zulauf, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 1781), which result from the spatialrequirements of the halogens (van der Waals radii: Br=1.85 Å; I=1.98 Å(A. Bondi, J. Phys. Chem. 1964, 68, 441) and/or from the morehydrophobic character of the iodo substituents compared to the bromoresidues. Thus, the 7-iodo derivative of the8-aza-7-deazapurin-2,6-diamine nucleoside (2c) was synthesized,converted into a phosphoramidite, and a number of oligonucleotides weresynthesized containing the 7-iodinated 8-aza-7-deazapurine-2,6-diaminenucleoside 2c. A comparison of the thermal stability of these duplexeswill illustrate the striking differences in duplex stabilization amonghalogens introduced into pyrimidine or 8-aza-7-deazapurine residueslocated in a similar environment of the major groove of a B-DNA.

2.1. Synthesis and Properties of Monomers

The 7-iodinated 8-aza-7-deazapurin-2,6-diamine 2′-deoxyribonucleoside 2cwas prepared from the 6-isopropoxy compound 4 (F. Seela, G. Becher,Synthesis 1998, 2, 207) upon treatment with 25% aq. NH₃ at 70° C. for 4days in an autoclave. The halogenated nucleosides 2a, b F. (Seela, G.Becher, Synthesis 1998, 2, 207) as well as the 2′-deoxyuridinederivatives 3a-c have been described elsewhere (J. Asakua, M. J. Robins,J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 4928). The halogen substituents change themobility of the nucleosides on an RP-HPLC column with the iodinated 2cand 3c as the slowest migrating compounds (FIGS. 5 a, b). The retentiontimes refer to the hydrophobic character of the nucleosides; the datawere used later for the composition analysis of the base-modifiedoligonucleotides.

TABLE 8 Data of the Iodo compound Half-life Values (τ) of 2c at 25°.Compound τ[min]^(a)) λ(nm) I⁷NH₂ ²c⁷z⁸A_(d) (2c) stable^(b)) 242 I⁷NH₂²c⁷z⁸A_(d) (2c) 61^(c)) 242 ^(a)) Measured in 0.5 N HCl. ^(b)) Within 3h. ^(c)) Measured in 2 N HCl.

The nucleobases of the modified nucleosides 2a-c and 3a-c influence theN

S pseudorotational equilibrium of the sugar moiety. This affects theconformation of the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA. For this reason the¹H NMR spectra of the pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine nucleoside 2c as well asof the pyrimidine nucleosides 3a-c were measured in D₂O and ³J [¹H,¹H]NMR coupling constants were determined. The conformational analysis wasperformed on the basis of ³J [¹H,¹H] couplings using the program PSEUROT(Van J. Wijk, C. Altona, ‘PSEUROT 6.2—A Program for the ConformationalAnalysis of the Five-Membered Rings’, University of Leiden, July 1993)According to Table 9 the 8-aza-7-deazapurin-2,6-diamine nucleoside 2ashows a higher N-conformer population than the corresponding purinenucleoside 1. The conformation around the C(4′)—C(5′) bond indicatesthat the 8-aza-7-deazapurin-2,6-diamine nucleoside 2c as the8-aza-7-deaza-2′-deoxy-guanosines (F. Seela, G. Becher, H. Rosemeyer, H.Reuter, G. Kastner, I. A. Mikhailopulo, Helv. Chim. Acta 1999, 82, 105)prefers the γ^(t)-(-sc)-rotamer population, while for the regular purinenucleosides the γ^((+)g)-(+sc)- or the γ^((−)g)-(ap)-conformation ispredominant (G. Blackburn, M. J. Gait, ‘Nucleic Acids in Chemistry andBiology’, IRL Press, Oxford University Press 1990, p. 28) Theconformation of the sugar moieties of the pyrimidine nucleosides 3a-c isalso influenced by the substitution at the 5-position (Table 9). Themain change is observed between 3a without a 5-substituent and thederivatives 3b, c with Me or halogen substituents.

TABLE 9 ³J (H, H) Coupling Constants of the Sugar Moieties andN/S-Conformer Populations of the 2′-Deoxyribonucleosides 1–3 at 303K^(a)). ³J_(H,H)/Hz Conformation 1′.2′ 1′,2″ 2′,3′ 2″,3′ 3′,4′ 4′,5′4′,5″ %N %S γ^((+)g) γ^(t) γ^((−)g) 1 7.30 6.10 7.00 3.10 3.40 3.20 4.3031 69 62 25 13 2a 6.60 6.80 6.90 3.70 3.60 4.00 5.80 37 63 36 42 22 2c6.60 6.70 6.85 3.90 3.85 4.30 5.90 38 62 31 43 26 dT [16] — — — — — — —36 64 — — — 3a 6.70 6.60 6.50 4.30 4.10 3.60 5.20 30 70 47 35 18 3b 6.456.50 6.50 4.70 4.50 3.40 4.70 34 66 55 30 15 3c 6.50 6.50 6.50 4.50 4.403.40 4.80 33 67 54 31 15 ^(a))Solvent D₂O; r.m.s. < 0.4 Hz; |Δ_(J)_(max)| < 0.4 Hz.

-   [16] C. Thibaudeau, J. Plavec, J. Chattopadhyaya, J. Org. Chem.    1996, 61, 266.

As the reactivity of the amino groups of the nucleoside 2b is ratherdifferent to 1, various residues were studied for the base protection.Earlier, the nucleoside 2b was protected withN,N-di-(n-butyl)formamidine (dnb) residue. Now, the isobutyryl group wasintroduced employing the protocol of transient protection (2b→13a) (G.S. Ti, B. L. Gaffney, R. A. Jones, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 1316) Asa side product the mono-protected nucleoside 14 was isolated (22%). Theformation of mono-acylated compounds has been observed in the case ofother 2,6-diaminopurine nucleosides (I. Luyten, A. V. Aerschot, J.Rozenski, R. Busson, and P. Herdewijn, Nucleosides Nucleotides 1997, 16,1649) When performing the alkaline hydrolysis of compounds 13a or 14 in25% aq. NH₃ at 40°, a fast deprotection was observed (See Scheme 7). Thehalf-life for 13a and 14 were determined and found to be 4.5 min and20.5 min, respectively. It indicates that this protecting group isappropriate for the solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis. For theprotection of the iodo nucleoside 2c the transient protection protocolwas used as in 2b, but in this case a benzoyl group was chosen (2c→13b).The time for complete deprotection of 13b (25% aq. NH₃, 40° C.,HPLC-monitoring at 260 nm) was 450 min. A half-life was not determinedbecause of the step-wise reaction.

The base-protected nucleosides 13a, b as well as the pyrimidinenucleosides 3a-c were converted into the DMT-derivatives 15a, b, and17a-c using standard reaction conditions (Y. S. Sanghvi, G. D. Hoke, S.M. Freier, M. C. Zounes, C. Gonzalez, L. Cummins, H. Sasmor, P. D. Cook,Nucleic Acids Res. 1993, 21, 3197) Phosphitylation of theDMT-derivatives 15a, b was performed in THF in the presence of2-cyanoethyl diisopropylphosphoramidochloridite furnishing thephosphoramidites 16a, b (Scheme 7); the pyrimidine building blocks 18a-cwere prepared from 17a-c in dichloromethane (Y. S. Sanghvi, G. D. Hoke,S. M. Freier, M. C. Zounes, C. Gonzalez, L. Cummins, H. Sasmor, P. D.Cook, Nucleic Acids Res. 1993, 21, 3197) These phosphoramidites (16a, band 18a-c) were employed in solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis. Allcompounds were characterized by ¹H—, ¹³C—, and ³¹P-NMR spectra and byelemental analysis (Table 10). Table 11 summarizes the ¹³C NMR data of8-aza-7-deazapurine as well as those of pyrimidine nucleosides. Theassignment was made according to gated-decoupled spectra. The NMR dataof 3a-c were included as a search of the literature gave littleinformation on that matter.

TABLE 10 ¹³C-NMR Chemical Shifts ofPyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidine-4,6-diamine 2′- Deoxyribo-nucleosides^(a))C(2)^(c)) C(4)^(c)) C(5)^(c)) C(6)^(c)) C(7)^(d)) C═O/ C═O/ C(6)^(d))C(7°)^(d)) C(3°)^(d)) C(4)^(d)) C(3)^(d)) ═CH ═CH C(1′) C(2′) C(3′)C(4′) C(5′)  2b 157.6 157.4 94.5 162.7 119.2 83.0 37.5 70.9 87.3 62.4 2c 157.0 157.6 91.2 162.2 98.3 83.1 37.6 70.9 87.3 62.4  3a 163.2 150.5101.8 140.6 84.2 38.5 70.5 87.4 61.3  3b 159.1 149.7 95.6 140.6 84.738.4 69.9 87.5 60.7  3c 160.4 150.0 69.9 145.0 84.6 ^(f)) 69.2 87.4 60.713a 155.8 153.8 104.7 156.2 121.4 175.2 176.5 83.6 37.5 70.7 87.7 62.213b 149.6 152.1 105.7 153.4 96.3 169.4 177.5 84.4 38.7 71.6 88.6 63.1 14156.0 156.5 97.4 157.5 119.1 175.3 83.3 37.5 70.8 87.5 62.2 15a 155.6154.9 98.5 157.5 117.2 174.7 175.2 83.5 37.6 72.2 85.4 63.6 15b 149.5152.1 105.8 153.2 96.2 — 177.5 84.8 ^(f)) 71.6 86.7 65.3 17a 163.0 158.0101.5 144.7 84.1 ^(f)) 69.9 85.3 63.4 17b 158.0 159.1 96.0 144.7 84.938.4 70.3 85.7 63.6 17c 158.0 160.5 69.8 144.2 84.8 38.4 70.4 85.8 63.7^(a))Measured in (D₆)DMSO at 303 K. ^(c))Purine numbering.^(d))Systematic numbering. ^(e))Tentative. ^(f))Superimposed by(D₆)DMSO.2.2. Oligonucleotides2.2.1 Synthesis and Characterization

Automated solid-phase synthesis of the oligonucleotides (Tables 11-17)was performed using the phosphoramidites 16a, b and 18a-c as well as thestandard building blocks. The syntheses followed the standard protocol(S. L. Beauge, M. Caruthers, Tetrahedron Lett. 1981, 22, 1859) and thecoupling yields were always higher than 97%. Oligonucleotides containinghalogenated dU-residues require the use of the 4-tert-butylphenoxyacetyl(tac) groups for the protection of the canonical phosphoramidites (E.Ferrer, C. Fàbrega, R. G. Garcia, F. Azorín, R. Eritja, NucleosidesNucleotides 1996, 15, 907; J. C. Schulhof, D. Molko, and R. Teoule,Nucleic Acids Res. 1987, 15, 397; R. D. Sheardy and N. C. Seeman, J.Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 4301). In these cases the deprotection wasperformed with conc. ammonia at room temperature, while in all othercases the deprotection was carried out at 60° C. The oligonucleotideswere detritylated and purified on purification cartridges (AppliedBiosystems, ‘User’s Manual for Oligonucleotide Purification Cartridges)]or by reversed-phase HPLC (conditions for purification see Exper. Part).The homogeneity of the compounds was proven by ion-exchangechromatography (see Exper. Part). The composition of theoligonucleotides was determined by tandem hydrolysis with snake venomphosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase followed by RP-18 HPLC asdescribed (F. Seela, C. Wei, Helv. Chim. Acta 1999, 82, 726). Typicalexamples are shown in FIGS. 5 c,d. The newly incorporatediodonucleosides 2c or 3c migrate slower than the canonical DNAconstituents. The oligonucleotides were also characterized by MALDI-TOFmass spectra. The detected masses were in good agreement with thecalculated values (Table 18).

TABLE 18 Molecular Masses (MH ⁺) of Oligonucleotides Measured byMALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. MH⁺ MH⁺ Oligomer (calc.) (found) 5′-d(TAGGTC AAT ACT) (102) 3644.4 3645 5′-d(AGT ATT GAC CTA) (103) 3644.4 36455′-d(TAG GTC 2a2aT ACT) (108) 3674.4 3677 5′-d(AGT 2aTT G2aC CTA) (109)3674.4 3675 5′-d(TAG GTC 2b2bT ACT) (110) 3832.5 3830 5′-d(AGT 2bTT G2bCCTA) (111) 3832.5 3832 5′-d(T2bG GTC 2b2bT 2bCT) (201) 4020 40215′-d(AGT ATT G2cC CTA) (202) 3786? 3787 5′-d(AGT 2cTT GAC CTA) (203)3786? 3792 5′-d(AGT 2cTT G2cC CTA) (100) 3926.5 3927 5′-d(TAG GTC 2c2cTACT) (204) 3927 3931 5′-d(T2cG GTC 2c2cT 2cCT) (205) 4206.3 42105′-d(TAG G3aC AA3a ACT) (300) 3613.1 3616 5′-d(AGT A3a3a GAC CTA) (301)3613.1 3615 5′-d(TAG G3bC AA3b ACT) (302) 3774.1 3775 5′-d(AGT A3b3b GACCTA) (303) 3774.1 3772 5′-d(TAG G3cC AA3c ACT) (304) 3868.1 38715′-d(AGT A3c3c GAC CTA) (305) 3868.1 38712.2.2 Base Pair Stabilities of the Oligonucleotides Duplexes

The 7-bromo nucleoside 2b was found to stabilize DNA duplexes stronglywhile the non-halogenated compound 2a contributes very little to theduplex stability (see also F. Seela, G. Becher, Helv. Chim. Acta 2000,83, 928; F. Seela, G. Becher, M. Zulauf, Nucleosides Nucleotides 1999,18, 1399). The contribution of the purin-2,6-diamine nucleoside 1 on theduplex stability is even lower (C. Cheong, I. J. Tinoco, A. Chollet,Nucleic Acids Res. 1988, 16, 5115; J. D. Hoheisel, H. Lehrach, FEBSLett. 1990, 274, 103). Thus, DNA duplexes containing compound 1-thyminebase pairs are only slightly more stable than those with dA-dT pairs. Asit was not known whether the stabilizing effect of the bromo nucleoside2b will increase continuously by an increasing number of incorporationsor will level off by multiple incorporations—as it is reported for othermodified nucleosides (C. Bailly, M. J. Waring, Nucleic Acids Res. 1998,26, 4309 and references therein)—a series of oligonucleotides weresynthesized containing the halogenated compound 2b in a consecutivemanner or in distant position. The modified residues were incorporatedin one or both strands of a double-stranded DNA. The total number ofincorporations was increased in duplexes from 1 to 6. Thenon-halogenated duplexes containing compound 2a were prepared forcomparison. Apart from the incorporation of the bromo nucleoside 2b, theiodo compound 2c was also studied. For all experiments thenon-self-complementary duplex 5′-d(TAGGTCAATACT)(102)•5′-d(AGTATTGACCTA) (103) was chosen.

The non-halogenated nucleoside 2a increases the T_(m)-value of thestandard duplex 102•103 by only 1° per modified residue (Table 11 and F.Seela, G. Becher, 2001, submitted). Contrary, the bromo compound 2bcontributes a 4-5° stabilization per modified residue which representsan outstanding high stabilization induced by a non-canonical base. Thestrength of this effect is sequence-dependent but the stability of theduplexes increases with an increasing number of 2b—incorporations asshown in FIG. 6. When the iodo nucleoside 2c was replacing the bromocompound 2b, a similar effect regarding duplex stabilization is observed(Table 11). The effects of halogen substituents introduced into thepyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives of dG (F. Seela, G. Becher, Helv.Chim. Acta 1999, 82, 1640) or dA (F. Seela, M. Zulauf, J. Chem. Soc.Perkin Trans. 1 1999, 479) amounts only to 2° per modified residue.

A similar set of experiments as described for the duplexes containingthe halogenated 8-aza-7-deazapurine nucleosides 2b or 2c was performedwith the halogenated 2′-deoxyuridine derivatives 3b or 3c (Table 12).Neither the bromo nucleoside 3b nor the iodo nucleoside 3c increases thestability of the duplexes significantly compared to that of thenon-halogenated 3a or dT. Thus, only the base pairs of type I (Scheme 8)with halogen substituents located at the 7-position of the8-aza-7-deazapurine (pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine) moiety are stabilized bythe halogen substituents while those of the type II (Scheme 8) with thehalogens attached to the 5-positions of the pyrimidine base exert littleinfluence compared to those with dA-dT pairs.

TABLE 11 T_(m) Values and Thermodynamic Data of Duplex Formation ofOligonucleotides Containing the Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine Nucleosides2a–c Opposite to dT^(a)) T_(m) ΔH° ΔS° ΔG°₃₁₀ Compound [° C.] [kcal/mol][cal/mol K] [kcal/mol] 5′-d(TAG GTC AAT ACT) (102) 47 −83.8 −235.9 −10.63′-d(ATC CAG TFfA TGA) (103) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2a2aT ACT) (108) 50 −93.3−263.09 −11.7 3′-d(ATC GAG TTA TGA) (103) 5′-d(TAG GTC AAT ACT) (102) 50−98.79 −279.63 −12.06 3′-d(ATC C2aG TT2a TGA) (109) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2a2aTACT) (108) 51 −98.66 −278.58 −12.26 3′-d(ATC C2aG TT2a TGA) (109) 54−99.96 −280.74 −12.89 5′-d(TAG GTC 2bAT ACT) (200) 3′-d(ATC GAG TTA TGA)(103) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2b2bT ACT) (110) 56 −91.42 −251.66 −13.37 3′-d(ATCGAG TTA TGA) (103) 5′-d(TAG GTC AT ACT) (102) 59 −91.85 −251.25 −13.923′-d(ATC C2bG TT2b TGA) (111) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2bAT ACT) (200) 63 −100.70−274.04 −15.70 3′-d(ATC C2bG TT2b TGA) (111) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2b2bT ACT)(110) 67 −105.40 −285.02 −17.00 3′-d(ATC C2bTT2b TGA) (111) 5′-d(T2bGGTC 2b2bT 2bCT) (201) 64 −99.08 −268.47 −15.81 3′-d(ATC CAG TTA TGA)(103) 5′-d(T2bG GTC 2b2bT2bCT) (201) 75 −107.43 −283.41 −19.53 3′-d(ATCC2bG TT2b TGA) (111) 5′-d(TAG GTC AAT ACT) (102) 51 −90.65 −254.58−11.69 3′-d(ATC C2cG TTA TGA) (202) 5′-d(TAG GTC AAT ACT) (102) 54−93.22 −260.43 −12.45 3′-d(ATC CAG TT2c TGA) (203) 5′-d(TAG GTC AAT ACT)(102) 57 −95.09 −263.29 −13.43 3′-d(ATC C2cG TT2c TGA) (100) 5′-d(TAGGTC 2c2cTACT) (204) 55 −96.46 −268.72 −13.12 3′-d(ATC CAG TTA TGA) (102)5′-d(TAG GTC 2c2cTACT) (204) 59 −102.95 −284.63 −14.67 3′-d(ATC C2cGT TA TGA) (202) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2c2cTACT) (204) 66 −104.93 −284.73 −16.623′-d(ATC C2cGT T2c TGA) (100) 5′-d(T2cG GTC2c2cT 2cCT) (205) 72 — — —3′-d(ATC C2cG TT2c TGA) (100) ^(a))Thermodynamic parameters are derivedfrom the fitting of melting curves measured at 260 nm in 0.1 M NaCl, 10mM MgCl₂, and 10 mM Na-cacodylate buffer, pH 7.0 with 5 μM + 5 μM singlestrand concentration. The ΔG° are taken directly from the programMeltwin 3.0 referring to 310°. Earlier publications of our laboratoryusing the fitting program refer to the same temperature and not to298° as indicated. The thermodynamicdata determined from the van't Hoffplots using the concentration dependence of the T_(m)-values areconsistent with those obtained from the curve fitting within 15%. Thevan't Hoff data of the formation of the duplex 102 · 103 are thefollowing: ΔH° = 86.8 kcal/mol; ΔS° = 243.7 cal/K mol; ΔG°₃₁₀ = 11.3kcal/mol.

TABLE 12 T_(m) Values and Thermodynamic Data of Duplex Formulation ofOligonucleotides Containing the Pyrimidine Nucleosides 3a–c Opposite todA ^(a)) T_(m) ΔH° ΔS° ΔG°₃₁₀ Compound [° C.] [kcal/mol] [cal/mol K][kcal/mol] 5′-d(TAG G3aC AA3a ACT) (309) 47 −86.35 −244.74 −10.453′-d(ATC CAG TTA TGA) (103) 5′-d(TAG GTC AAT ACT) (102) 48 −92.11−261.95 −10.86 3′-d(ATC CAG 3a3aA TGA) (301) 5′-d(TAG G3aC AA3a ACT)(300) 46 −86.37 −245.42 −10.25 3′-d(ATC CAG 3a3aA TGA) (301) 5′-d(TAGG3bC AA3b ACT (302)) 48 −95.76 −271.88 −11.44 3′-d(ATC CAG TTA TGA)(103) 5′-d(TAG GTC A A T ACT) (102) 49 −97.43 −276.95 −11.53 3′-d(ATCCAG 3b3bA TGA) (303) 5′-d(TAG G3bC AA3b ACT) (302) 49 −94.25 −267.57−11.26 3′-d(ATC CAG 3b3bA TGA) (303) 5′-d(TAG G3cC AA3c ACT) (304) 49−96.38 −273.73 −11.48 3′-d(ATC CAG TTA TGA) (103) 5′-d(TAG GTC AAT ACT)(102) 50 −94.99 −269.20 −11.50 3′-d(ATC CAG 3c3cA TGA) (305) 5′-d(TAGG3cC AA3c ACT) (304) 50 −99.14 −281.47 −11.85 3′-d(ATC CAG 3c3cA TGA)(305) ^(a))See Table 11.

As the stability of the base pairs of the halogenated pyrimidinenucleosides 3b or 3c with dA was low compared to the halogenatedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compounds 2b or 2c incorporated opposite todT, tridendate base pairs are formed in which the halogenated pyrimidinenucleosides 3a-c are located opposite to the purine-2.6-diaminenucleoside 1 instead of dA (Scheme 9, bp type III). In this case astrengthening of the base pair can be expected if the formation of athird hydrogen bond is possible. However, the T_(m)-values of thoseduple-xes were also not influenced significantly by the replacement ofdA-residues by the nucleoside 1 (Table 13). This indicates that the2-amino group does not participate in possible base pairs as shown inIIIa-c (Scheme 9), a finding which is similar to that observed for abase pair between 1 and dT (F. Seela, G. Becher, 2001, submitted; C.Cheong, I. J. Tinoco, A. Chollet, Nucleic Acids Res. 1988, 16, 5115; J.D. Hoheisel, H. Lehrach, FEBS Lett. 1990, 274, 103). A similar behaviourwas found in the case of duplexes containing the base pair IVa (Scheme9) formed between nucleoside 2a and the pyrimidine nucleosides 3a-c(Table 13). Nevertheless, the duplexes incorporating the base pairsIVb,c are slightly more stable than those containing the base pairsIIIb,c.

TABLE 13 T_(m) Values and Thermodynamic Data of Oligonucleotide DuplexesContaining the Halogenated Pyrimidine Nucleosides 3a–c Opposite to thePurin-2,6-diamine Nucleoside 1 or thePyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidindin-4,6-diamine Nucleoside 2a ^(a)) T_(m) ΔH°ΔS° ΔG°₃₁₀ [° C.] [kcal/mol] [cal/mol K] [kcal/mol] 5′-d(TAG GTC AATACT) (102) 49 −83.15 −232.81 −10.94 3′-d(ATC C1G TT1 TGA) (105) 5′-d(TAGG3aC AA3a ACT) (300) 48 −73.03 −202.44 −10.25 3′-d(ATC C1G TT1 TGA)(105) 5′-d(TAG G3bC AA3b ACT) (302) 49 −73.84 −203.94 −10.59 3′-d(ATCC1G TT1 TGA) (105) 5′-d(TAG G3cC AA3c ACT) (304) 49 −77.60 −215.48−10.76 3′-d(ATC C1G TT1 TGA) (105) 5′-d(T1G GTC 11T 1CT) (104) 48 −54.74−144.65 −9.88 3′-d(ATC CAG TTA TGA) (103) 5′-d(T1G GTC 11T 1CT) (104) 48−60.03 −161.49 −9.94 3′-d(ATC CAG 3a3aA TGA) (301) 5′-d(T1G GTC 11T 1CT)(104) 48 −60.09 −160.37 −10.35 3′-d(ATC CAG 3b3b TGA) (303) 5′-d(T1G GTC11T 1CT) (104) 48 −62.35 −167.33 −10.45 3′-d(ATC CAG 3c3cA TGA) (305)5′-d(TAG GTC 2a2aT ACT) (108) 49 −87.32 −245.54 −11.16 3′-d(ATC CAG3a3aA TGA) (301) 5′-d(T1G GTC 2a2aT ACT) (108) 50 −89.11 −250.34 −11.473′-d(ATC CAG 3b3b TGA) (303) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2a2aT ACT) (108) 51 −81.32−225.60 −11.35 3-d(ATC CAG 3c3cA TGA) (305) 5′-d(TAG G3aC AA3a ACT)(300) 49 −90.30 −253.96 −11.53 3′-d(ATC C2aG TT2a TGA) (109) 5′-d(TAGG3bC AA3b ACT) (302) 51 −93.05 −261.91 −11.82 3′-d(ATC C2aG TT2a TGA)(109) 5′-d(TAG G3cC AA3c ACT) (304) 50 −90.58 −254.11 −11.77 3′-d(ATCC2aG TT2a TGA) (109) ^(a))See Table 11.

A significant duplex stabilization was observed when the halogenated8-aza-7-deazapurine nucleosides 2b or 2c were incorporated opposite tothe pyrimidine nucleosides 3a-c (Table 14 and Scheme 10, bp of type Vand VI). The T_(m)-increase amounts to about 4-5° per incorporatedresidue of the halogenated nucleosides 2b or 2c. All duplexes containingthe halogenated nucleosides 2b or 2c (Scheme 10) give very similarT_(m)-values, no matter which pyrimidine monomer is located opposite toit. Thus, only halogen substituents attached to the modified purineresidues lead to a duplex stabilization while halogens linked to the5-position of the 2′-deoxyuridine moiety contribute very little to theduplex stability (S. M. Freier and K. -H. Altman, Nucleic Acids Res.1997, 25, 4429; F. Seela, Y. He, Helv. Chim. Acta 2000, 83, 2527; S.Wang, E. T. Kool, Biochemistry 1995, 34, 4125)

TABLE 14 T_(m) Values and Thermodynamic Data of OligonucleotidesContaining the Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4,6-diamine Nucleosides 2b–cOpposite to dT and 3a–c ^(a)) Tm ΔH° ΔS° ΔG°₃₁₀ Duplex [° C.] [kcal/mol][cal/mol K] [kcal/mol] 5′-d(TAG GTC 2bAT ACT) (200) 52 −92.88 −260.97−11.94 3′-d(ATC CAG 3a3aA TGA) (301) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2b2bT ACT) (110) 55−96.78 −269.67 −13.14 3′-d(ATC CAG 3a3aA TGA) (301) 5′-d(T2bG GTC 2b2bT2bCT) (201) 64 −101.57 −276.51 −15.82 3′-d(ATC CAG 3a3aA TGA) (301)5′-d(TAG GTC 2bAT ACT) (200) 54 −98.06 −275.03 −12.76 3′-d(ATC CAG 3b3bATGA) (303) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2b2bT ACT) (110) 55 −95.42 −266.68 −12.713′-d(ATC CAG 3b3b TGA) (303) 5′-d(T2bG GTC 2b2bT 2bCT) (201) 65 −106.49−290.34 −16.44 3′-d(ATC CAG 3b3bA TGA) (303) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2bAT ACT)(200) 54 −87.97 −244.29 −12.20 3′-d(ATC GAG 3c3cA TGA) (305) 5′-d(TAGGTC 2b2bT ACT) (110) 55 −89.17 −246.44 −12.74 3′-d(ATC GAG 3c3cTGA)(305) 5′-d(T2bG GTC 2b2bT 2bCT) (201) 65 −101.57 −275.34 −16.18 3′-d(ATCGAG 3c3cA TGA) (305) 5′-d(TAG G3aC AA3a ACT) (300) 56 −95.76 −265.45−13.43 3′-d(ATC C2bG TT2b TGA) (111) 5′-d(TAG G3bC AA3b ACT) (302) 56−96.53 −268.70 −13.20 3′-d(ATC C2bG TT2b TGA) (111) 5′-d(TAG G3cC AA3cACT) (304) 57 −97.07 −269.07 −13.62 3′-d(ATC C2bG TT2b TGA) (111)5′-d(TAG G3aC AA3a ACT) (300) 55 −96.93 −270.69 −12.98 3′-d(ATC C2cGTT2c TGA) (100) 5′-d(TAG G3bC AA3b ACT) (302) 55 −100.82 −282.19 −13.293′-d(ATC C2cG TT2c TGA) (100) 5′-d(TAG G3cC AA3c ACT) (304) 55 −98.00−273.26 −13.25 3′-d(ATC C2cG TT2c TGA) (100) ^(a))See Table 11.2.2.3 Base Discrimination

In order to investigate the discrimination of the iodo nucleoside 2ctowards the four canonical DNA—constituents, hybridization experimentswere performed according to Table 15. As expected, the base pair 2c-dTis the strongest (102•100, T_(m)=59°) while those of the duplexesforming mismatches melt at a significantly lower temperature (Table 15).The discrimination of the iodo nucleoside 2c is similar to that of thecanonical nucleosides except that the duplex 401•100 (T_(m)=52°) shows a7° lower T_(m)-value than the duplex 102•100 (T_(m)=59°), while duplex401•103 (T_(m)=46°) has almost the same stability as the parent duplex102•103 (T_(m)=48°). The high T_(m)-value of 401•103 is the result ofthe formation of the dG-dA Hoogsteen pair which is obviously not formedbetween dG and compound 2c.

TABLE 15 T_(m)-Values of Oligonucleotides Containing the Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4,6-diarnine Nucleoside 2c Opposite to the Four CanonicalNucleosides^(a)) T_(m) Duplex [° C.] 5′-d(TAG GTC AAT ACT) (102) 573′-d(ATC C2cG TT2c TGA) (100) 5′-d(TAG GAC AAT ACT) (400) 45 3′-d(ATCC2cG TT2c TGA) (100) 5′-d(TAG GGC AAT ACT) (401) 50 3′-d(ATC C2cG TT2cTGA) (100) 5′-d(TAG GCC AATACT) (402) 45 3′-d(ATC C2cG TT2c TGA) (100)5′-d(TAG GTC AAT ACT) (102) 48 3′-d(ATC CAG TTA TGA) (103) 5′-d(TAG GACAAT ACT) (400) 38 3′-d(ATC CAG TTA TGA) (103) 5′-d(TAG GGC AAT ACT)(401) 46 3′-d(ATC CAG TTA TGA) (103) 5′-d(TAG GCC AATACT) (402) 363′-d(ATC CAG TTA TGA) (103) ^(a))see Table 11.

The CD-spectra of the duplexes containing the2-amino-8-aza-7-deazaadenine derivatives 2a, b were measured next. AB-like DNA structure can be deduced from the curves displayed in FIG. 7a. A positive Cotton effect around 270 to 290 nm and a negative lobe at250 nm are observed for the standard duplex (102•103). The CD spectrumof the duplex 104•105 containing 1 shows significant differences similarto that of 110•111 while the duplex 108•109 shows a stronger negativeCotton effect at 260 nm and a positive one at 235 nm. Similardifferences were reported for the oligonucleotides containing7-substituted 8-aza-7-deaza-7-iodoguanine (N. Ramzaeva, F. Seela, Helv.Chim. Acta 1996, 79, 1549).

2.4 DNA-RNA Hybrids

In order to study the influence of the 2,6-diamino nucleosides 1 and2a,b on the stability of DNA-RNA hybrids, the oligodeoxyribonucleotides110, 300, 302, 304, 104 and 102 were hybridized with theoligoribonucleotide 403. Table 16 shows that the various modificationsexert a significant influence on the duplex stability of the DNA-RNAhybrids. While the incorporation of the non-halogenated nucleosides 1 or2a stabilizes the DNA-RNA structure very little, the hybridization ofthe oligonucleotide containing 2b with 403 (110•403) show a significantincrease of the duplex stability as in DNA. Compounds 3b and 3c enhancethe thermal stability of DNA-RNA to a small degree, which is alsoobserved for other modifications of 2′-deoxyuridine (B. C Froehler, S.Wadwani, T. J. Terhorst, S. R. Gerrard, Tetrahedron 1992, 33, 5307; J.Sági, A. Szemzö, K. Ébinger, A. Szabolcs, G. Sági, É. Ruff, L. Ötvös,Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 2191). The hypochromicities of the chimerichybrids are slightly decreased over those of the DNA-DNA duplexes (datanot shown). From the CD-spectra of FIG. 7 b it can be seen that theDNA-RNA hybrids adopt the A-form (N. Ramzaeva, C. Mittelbach, F. Seela,Helv. Chim. Acta 1997, 80, 1809).

TABLE 16 T_(m) Values and Thermodynamic Data of DNA-RNA Hybrids^(a))T_(m) ΔH⁰ ΔS⁰ ΔG⁰ ₃₁₀ Duplex [° C.] [kcal/mol] [cal/mol · K] [kcal/mol]5′-d(TAG GTC AAT ACT) (102) 45 −92.1 −264.0 −10.2 3′-(AUC CAG UUA UGA)(403) 5′-d(T1G GTC 11T 1CT) (104) 48 −60.46 −162.12 −10.18 3′-(AUC CAGUUA UGA) (403) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2a2aT ACT) (108) 48 — — — 3′-(AUC CAG UUAUGA) (403) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2b2bT ACT) (110) 53 −98.64 −276.97 −12.743′-(AUC CAG UUA UGA) (403) 5′-d(TAG G3aC AA3a ACT) (300) 44 −74.43−208.26 −9.84 3′-(AUC CAG UUA UGA) (403) 5′-d(TAG G3bC AA3b ACT) (302)48 −77.19 −215.13 −10.47 3′-(AUC CAG UUA UGA) (403) 5′-d(TAG G3cC AA3cACT) (304) 47 −78.77 −220.52 −10.37 3′-(AUC CAG UUA UGA) (403) ^(a))SeeTable 11.2.5 Duplexes with Parallel Chain Orientation

The base pairing of the nucleosides 1, 2a-c as well as 3b, c was alsoinvestigated in parallel stranded DNA [29]. For this purpose it wasnecessary to replace the dC-dG pair by a m⁵iC_(d)-iG_(d) pair. Theduplexes 102•115 and 116•103 served as standards (F. Seela, C. Wei, G.Becher, M. Zulauf, P. Leonard, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2000, 10, 289).Substitution of dA-residues by the diamino nucleoside 1 resulted in aslight stability decrease of the ps-duplexes 104•115 and 116•105 (Table17). The incorporation of 2a-c into the ps-DNA resulted in a significantincrease of the T_(m)-values. The incorporation of the substitutedpyrimidine nucleosides 3b, c in place of dT leads only to minor changesof the T_(m)-values. From this it can be concluded that similar to DNAwith antiparallel chain orientation, the halogen substituents of the“purine” nucleosides 2b, c stabilize these duplexes while the halogensubstituents of the pyrimidine nucleosides contribute very little to theduplex stability.

TABLE 17 T_(m)-Values and Thermodynamic Data of Parallel-StrandedOligonucleotide Duplexes Containing the Nucleosides 1, 2a–c and 3a–c^(a, b)) T_(m) ΔH⁰ ΔS⁰ ΔG⁰ ₃₁₀ Duplex [° C.] [kcal/mol] [cal/mol · K][kcal/mol] 5′-d(TAG GTC AAT ACT) (102) 39 −74.4 −212.3 −8.5 5′-d(AtiCiCAiG TTA TiGA) (115) 5′-d(T1G GTC 11T 1CT) (104) 36 −48.12 −129.68−7.90 5′-d(ATiC iCAiG TTA TiGA) (115) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2a2aT ACT) (108) 41−61.77 −170.95 −8.75 5′-d(ATiC iCAiG TTA TiGA) (115) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2b2bTACT) (110) 45 −66.59 −183.94 −9.54 5′-d(ATiC iCAiG TTA TiGA) (115)5′-d(TAG G3bC AA3b ACT) (302) 37 −50.64 −137.87 −7.88 5′-d(ATiC iCAiGTTA TiGA) (115) 5′-d(TAG G3cC AA3c ACT) (304) 36 −55.09 −152.14 −7.905′-d(ATiC iCAiG TTA TiGA) (115) 5′-d(TiCA TAA iCTiG iGAT) (116) 44 −85.0−242.0 −10.0 5′-d(AGT ATT GAC CTA) (103) 5′-d(TiCA TAA iCTiG iGAT) (116)39 −61.00 −169.68 −8.38 5′-d(AGT 1TT G1C CTA) (105) 5′-d(TiCA TAA iCTiGiGAT) (116) 45 −80 −230 −10.3 5′-d(AGT 2aTT G2aC CTA) (109) 5′-d(TiCATAA iCTiG iGAT) (116) 48 −68.34 −186.29 −10.56 5′-d(AGT 2bTT G2bC CTA)(111) 5′-d(TiCA TAA iCTiG iGAT) (116) 43 −76.03 −215.51 −9.19 5′-d(AGTA3b3b GAC CTA) (303) 5′-d(TiCA TAA iCTiG iGAT) (116) 42 −67.15 −187.02−9.15 5′-d(AGT A3c3c GAC CTA) (305) ^(a))Measured at 260 nm in 1 M NaCl,100 M MgCl₂, 60 mM Na-cacodylate buffer, pH 7.0 with 5 + 5 μM oligomerconcentration. ^(b))d(iC) = m⁵iC_(d) = 2′-deoxy-5-methylisocytidine.2.3. Conclusion

The halogen substituents introduced into the 7-position of the8-aza-7-deazapurine 2′-deoxynucleoside (2b, c) or the 5-position of2′-deoxyuridine residues (3a-c) have very different influences on thestability of nucleic acid duplexes. In the case of the 7-halogenated8-aza-7-deazapurine 2′-deoxynucleosides 2b, c, each monomer contributesabout 4°-5° to the duplex stabilization, while the pyrimidinenucleosides 3a-c show very little influence or even no effect. This issurprising as the halogens in both series of nucleobases are directedinto the major groove of B-DNA both being in a not identical but a verysimilar environment. When both, the halogenated pyrimidines and thehalogenated 8-aza-7-deazapurine nucleosides are present in a DNA-duplexonly the latter make a contribution to the duplex stabilization.Consequently, the increase of the hydrophobic character of the majorgroove induced by the lipophilic halogen substituents and the expellingof water molecules is not the major effect induced by the halogenationof the major groove. Apparently, stacking interaction between thenearest neighbours are strengthened in the case of 2b, c but not with3b, c.

2.4. Experimental Part

Monomers. General. See preceeding manuscripts (F. Seela, G. Becher,Helv. Chim. Acta 2000, 83, 928; F. Seela, G. Becher, M. Zulauf,Nucleosides Nucleotides 1999, 18, 1399; F. Seela, M. Zulauf, J. Chem.Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1999, 479.) Flash chromatography (FC): 0.4 bar onsilica gel 60 H (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Thin-layer chromatography(TLC): Aluminum sheets, silica gel 60 F₂₅₄ (0.2 mm, Merck, Germany).Solvent systems for FC and TLC: CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 9:1 (A), CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 95:5(B), CH₂Cl₂/acetone 9:1 (C), CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc 85:15 (D), CH₂Cl₂/acetone 95:5(E),. M.p.: Büchi-SMP-20 apparatus (Büchi, Switzerland); uncorrected.NMR Spectra: Avance-DPX-250 and AMX-500 spectrometers (Bruker, Germany);δ values are in ppm downfield from internal SiMe₄ (¹H, ¹³C).Microanalyses were performed by Mikroanalytisches Labor Beller(Göttingen, Germany).

Oligonucleotides

Oligonucleotide synthesis was performed on a DNA synthesizer, model 392(Applied Biosystems, Weiterstadt, Germany). Melting curves were measuredwith a Cary-1/3 UV/VIS spectrophotometer (Varian, Australia) equippedwith a Cary thermoelectrical controller. The temperature was measuredcontinuously in the reference cell with a Pt-100 resistor, and thethermodynamic data of duplex formation were calculated using the Meltwin3.0 program (J. A. McDowell, D. H. Turner, Biochemistry 1996, 35,14077). The CD-spectra were recorded with a Jasco-600 (Jasco, Japan)spectropolarimeter with thermostatically (Lauda-RCS-6 bath) controlled 1cm cuvettes. UV-Spectra: 150-20 spectrometer (Hitachi, Japan). Theenzymatic hydrolysis of the oligomers was performed as describeda) (F.Seela, G. Becher, Helv. Chim. Acta 2000, 83, 928; F. Seela, G. Becher,M. Zulauf, Nucleosides Nucleotides 1999, 18, 1399) using the followingextinction coefficients: ε_(260:) ⁷G_(d) 2700, dT 8800, dC 7300, dA15400, dG 11700, 2a 8800, 2b 8700, 2c 8700, 3a 10000 , 3b 4800, 3c 3700.Snake-venom phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.15.1, Crotallus durissus) andalkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1, E. coli) were generous gifts fromRoche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany. The MALDI-TOF-spectra were measured ona Biflex III spectrometer (Bruker Saxonia, Leipzig, Germany).

Synthesis and Purification of Oligonucleotides.

The synthesis was carried out in a 1-μmol scale using3′-phosphoramidites of [(MeO)₂Tr]ib²G_(d), [(MeO)₂Tr]bz⁶ A_(d),[(MeO)₂Tr]bz⁴ C_(d) and [(MeO)₂Tr]T_(d) for the synthesis ofoligonucleotides containing 2a-c. and [(MeO)₂Tr]tac²G_(d, [(MeO))₂Tr]tac⁶ _(A) _(d), [(MeO)₂Tr]tac⁴C_(d) and [(MeO)₂Tr]T_(d) for thesynthesis of oligonucleotides containing 3a-c. After cleavage of theoligonucleotides from the solid support, the first were deprotected in25% aq. NH₃ for 12-15 h at 60°. The latter were incubated in 25% aq. NH₃for 1.5-2 h at r. t. for deprotection. The purification of the5′-(dimethoxytrityl)-oligomers was performed by reversed-phase HPLC(RP-18). The following solvent gradient was used (A, 0.1 M (Et₃NH)OAc(pH 7.0)/MeCN 95:5; B, MeCN): 3 min 20% B in A, 12 min 20-40% B in Awith a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The concentrated oligonucleotidesolutions were treated with 2.5% CHCl₂COOH/CH₂Cl₂ for 5 min at r.t. toremove the 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl residues. The detritylated oligomerswere purified by reversed-phase HPLC with the gradient: 20 min 0-20% Bin A with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The oligomers were desalted on ashort column (RP-18, silica gel) and then lyophilized on a Speed-Vacevaporator to yield colorless solids which were frozen at −24°. Thepurified oligmers were dissolved in 100 μl of double-distilled H₂O, andthe purity was controlled by ion-exchange chromatography on aDionex-Nucleopac-PA-100 HPLC column (4×250 mm, P/N 043010; Dionex,Idstein, Germany).

Nucleoside-Composition Analysis.

The oligonucleotides were dissolved in 0.1M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.3, 200μl), and treated with snake-venom phosphodiesterase (3 μl) at 37° for 45min, and then alkaline phosphatase (3 μl) at 37° for another 30 min. Thereaction mixtures were analyzed on reversed-phase HPLC (RP-18, at 260nm, gradient A, 0.7 ml/min). The retention time of 2a-c and 3a-c wereused as standards (FIG. 5). The extinction coefficients of thenucleosides and the peak areas were used for quantification of thecomposition of the oligonucleotides (FIGS. 5 a-d).

1-(2-Deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-3-iodo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidin-4,6-diamine(2c). A soln. of compd.6-amino-1-[2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-3-iodo-4-isopropoxy-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine12 (F. Seela, G. Becher, Synthesis 1998, 2, 207.) (1 g, 2.3 mmol) in aaq. 25% NH₃ soln. (80 ml) was heated at 70° C. for 4 d. The solvent wasevaporated to dryness, the residue dissolved in hot water andcrystallized. Colorless needles (640 mg, 71%). M.p. 154°. TLC (A):R_(f)0.2. UV (MeOH): 223 (31800), 260 (8700), 278 (9100). ¹H-NMR((D₆)DMSO): 2.12 (m, H_(α)—C(2′)); 2.67 (m, H_(β)—C(2′)); 3.38, 3.44 (m, H₂—C(5′)); 3.73 (m , H—C(4′)); 4.33 (m, H—C(3′)); 4.73 (t, J=5.7,OH—C(5′)); 5.17 (d, J=4.3, OH—C(3′)); 6.27 (‘t’, J=6.5, H—C(1′)); 6.34(br, NH₂); 6.62 (br, NH₂). Anal. calc. for C₁₀H₁₃IN₆O₃ (392.2): C,30.63; H, 3.34; N, 21.43; Found: C, 30.91; H 3.61; N, 21.27.

3-Bromo-1-(2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-4,6-[(2-methylpropanoyl)amino]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine(12a). Compd. 2b (F. Seela, G. Becher, Synthesis 1998, 2, 207) (0.74 g,2.14 mmol) was co-evaporated with anhyr. pyridine for three times anddissolved in anhydr. pyridine (5 ml) while stirring at r.t. Me₃SiCl(1.37 ml, 10.8 mmol), and after 15 min isobutyric anhydride (3.56 ml,21.5 mmol) were added. Stirring was continued for 3 h. The reactionmixture was cooled in an ice-bath and diluted with H₂O (2.5 ml), 5 minlater aq. 25% NH₃ (4.3 ml) was added. After stirring for 30 min thereaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and coevaporated with toluene(three times). The residue was purified by FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 9:1)furnishing two zones. From the fast migrating zone compound 13a wasobtained as a colorless amorphous solid (500 mg, 48%). R_(f) (A) 0.4. UV(MeOH): 284 (9500), 239 (33900). ¹H-NMR ((D₆)DMSO): 1.15 (m, 2CH(CH₃)₂); 2.25 (m , H_(α)—C(2′)); 2.75 (m , H_(β)—C(2′)); 2.86 (m, 2CH(CH₃)₂); 3.47 (m , H₂—C(5′)); 3.81 (m, H—C(4′)); 4.44 (m, H—C(3′));4.73 (t, J=5.5, OH—C(5′)); 5.32 (d, J=4.3, OH—C(3′)); 6.54 (‘t’, J=6.6,H—C(1′)); 10.59, 10.72 (2 s, 2 NH). Anal. calc. for C₁₈H₂₅BrN₆O₅(485.3): C, 44.55; H, 5.19; N, 17.32; Found C, 44.90; H, 5.28, N, 16.81.

4-Amino-3-bromo-1-(2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-6-[(2-methylpropanoyl)amino]-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine(14). The slower migrating zone from the above reaction affordedcompound 14 as a colorless amorphous solid (0.2 g, 22%). R_(f) (A) 0.36.UV (MeOH): 282 (10900), 237 (49500). ¹H-NMR ((D₆)DMSO): 1.04, 1.07 (m,CH(CH₃)₂); 2.21 (m, H_(α)—C(2′)); 2.71 (m, H_(β)—C(2′)); 2.90 (m,CH(CH₃)₂); 3.46 (m, H₂—C(5′)); 3.78 (m, H—C(4′)); 4.38 (m, H—C(3′));4.72 (t, J=5.6, OH—C(5′)); 5.28 (d, J=4.3, OH—C(3′)); 6.42 (‘t’, J=6.4,H—C(1′)); 6.96, 7.76 (br, NH₂); 10.08 (br, NH). Anal. calc. forC₁₄H₁₉BrN₆O₄ (415.2): C, 40.49; H, 4.61; N, 20.24. Found C, 40.58; H,4.72; N, 19.93.

1-[2-Deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-4,6-dibenzamido-3-iodo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidine(13b). Compound 2c (1.0 g, 2.55 mmol) was co-evaporated twice withtoluene. It was dissolved in anhydr. pyridine (40 ml), and TMS-Cl (3.25ml, 25.5 mmol) was added while stirring. The reaction mixture wasstirred under argon atmosphere, cooled to 0°, and PhCOCl (3.0 ml, 25.8mmol) was added dropwise within 30 min. After stirring overnight at r.t,the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (200 ml), washed with a sat. aq.NaHCO₃ soln. (200 ml) and ice-cold H₂O (200 ml). The aq. phase wasextracted with EtOAc (2×400 ml). The combined org. phases wereevaporated to dryness and the residue dissolved in THF/MeOH/H₂O (250 ml,5:4:1). The dark orange soln. was cooled to 0° C., then 2 N NaOH (25 ml)was added, and stirring was continued for another 40 min. The residuewas purified by FC(CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 98:2→CH₂Cl₂/MeOH, 95:5) to yield anamorphous solid (1.15 g, 75%). TLC (B): R_(f) 0.4. UV (MeOH): 244(17400), 276 (14200). ¹H-NMR ((D₆)DMSO): 2.13 (m, H_(α)—C(2′)); 2.67 (m,H_(β)—C(2′)); 3.38, 3.52 (m, H₂—C(5′)); 3.84 (m, H—C(4′)); 4.46 (m ,H—C(3′)); 4.72 (t, J=5.7, OH—C(5′)); 5.29 (d, J=4.4, OH—C(3′)); 6.66(‘t’, J=6.5, H—C(1′)); 7.51-8.11 (m, arom. H); 10.54, 10.78 (s, 2 NH).Anal. calc. for C₂₄H₂₁IN₆O₅ (586.4): C, 48.01; H, 3.53; N, 14.00. Found:C, 47.93; H, 3.53; N, 14.05.

3-Bromo-1-[2-deoxy-5-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-4,6-diisobutyrylamino-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine(15a). Compound 13a (0.5 g, 1.03 mmol) was coevaporated with anhydr.pyridine for three times and dissolved in pyridine (1.5 ml). DMT-Cl(0.45 g, 1.33 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred at r.t. for 3h. The reaction was quenched by addition of MeOH and the mixtureevaporated to dryness and coevaporated with toluene for three times.FC(CH₂Cl₂: MeOH, 10:1)) gave 15a as a colorless foam (0.57 g, 70%).R_(f) (B) 0.3. UV (MeOH): 237 (52000), 283 (10500). ¹H-NMR ((D₆)DMSO):1.04-1.17 (m, 2 (CH₃)₂CH)); 2.29 (m , H_(α)—C(2′)); 2.85 (m,H_(β)—C(2′)); 2.89 (m, 2 (CH₃)₂CH)); 3.07 (m, H₂—C(5′)); 3.71 (s, 2MeO); 3.94 (m, H—C(4′)); 4.46 (m, H—C(3′)); 5.35 (m, OH—C(3′)); 6.57 (m,H—C(1′)); 10.57, 10.74 (s, 2 NH). Anal. calc. for C₃₉H₄₃BrN₆O₇ (787.2):C, 59.47; H, 5.46; N, 10.67. Found: C, 59.08; H, 5.37; N, 10.39.

3-Bromo-1-[2-deoxy-5-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytriphenylmethyl)-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-4,6-diisobutyrylamino-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine3′-[(2-Cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite (16a). To a soln. ofcompound 15a (0.24 g, 0.3 mmol) in anhydr. CH₂Cl₂ (3 ml) (Ar) (iPr)₂EtN(0.16 ml, 0.9 mmol) and 2-cyanoethyl diisopropylphosphoramidochloridite(91 μl, 0.41 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred at r. t. for30 min. The reaction was monitored by TLC. Then, the reaction mixturewas diluted with CH₂Cl₂, and the soln. washed with a 5% aq. NaHCO₃ soln.twice and with brine. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄),concentrated, and the product was separated by FC to yield a colorlessfoam (0.25 g, 84%). R_(f) (E), 0.63, 0.69. UV (MeOH): 282 (10000), 237(49500). ³¹P-NMR (CDCl₃), 149.61, 149.65. ¹H-NMR ((D₆)DMSO): 1.11-1.35(m, 4 CH(CH₃)₂); 2.51 (m, H_(α)—C(2′)); 2.66 (m, H_(β)—C(2′));2.95-3.91(m, H₂—C(5′)); CH(CH₃)₂; CH₂CH₂); 3.80 (s, MeO), 4.26 (m,H—C(4′)); 4.82 (m, H—C(3′)); 6.71 (m, H—C(1′)); 6.75-7.44 (m, arom. H);8.39, 8.59 (br, 2 NH). Anal. calc. for C₄₈H₆₀BrN₈O₈P (921.2): C, 58.36;H, 6.08; N, 11.35. Found: C, 58.86; H, 6.18; N, 11.55.

1-[2-Deoxy-5-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-4,6-dibenzamido-3-iodo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidine(15b). Compound 13b (450 mg, 0.75 mmol) was coevaporated twice withanhydr. pyridine. The residue was dissolved in pyridine (2 ml) anddimethoxytrityl chloride (305 mg, 0.9 mmol) was added. After 4 hstirring, the soln. was diluted with 5 ml of MeOH and washed with a 5%aq. NaHCO₃ soln. (3×20 ml). The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) andconcentrated to dryness. The residue was purified by FC(CH₂Cl₂/acetone,95:5→CH₂Cl₂/acetone, 9:1) yielding 375 mg (55%) of a colorless foam. TLC(CH₂Cl₂/acetone 9:1): R_(f) (B) 0.4. UV (MeOH): 244 (16900), 276(16200). ¹H-NMR ((D₆)DMSO): 2.35 (m , H_(α)—C(2′)); 2.67 (m,H_(β)—C(2′)); 3.07, 3.09 (2 m, H₂—C(5′)); 3.70 (s, 2 OCH₃); 3.96 (m ,H—C(4′)); 4.56 (m , H—C(3′)); (d, J=4.8, OH—C(3′)); 6.72-8.11 (m, arom.H); 10.54, 10.78 (2 s, 2 NH). Anal. calc. for C₄₅H₃₉IN₆O₇ (902.73): C,59.87; H, 4.35; N, 9.31. Found: C, 59.93; H, 4.33; N, 9.39.

1-[2-Deoxy-5-O-(dimethoxytrityl)-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl]-4,6-dibenzamido-3-iodo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidine3′-[(2-Cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite] (16b). Compound 15b(330 mg, 0.37 mmol) was dissolved in THF (5 ml). (iPr)₂EtN (186 μl, 1.07mmol) and 2-cyanoethyl diisopropylphosphoramidochloridite (108 μl, 0.48mmol) were added under argon atmosphere. After 30 min the mixture wasdiluted with CH₂Cl₂ (20 ml) and a 5% aq. NaHCO₃ soln (2×20 ml). Themixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×15 ml). The combined organic layerwas dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated to an oil. The residue was submittedto FC(CH₂Cl₂/EtOAc, 85:15) yielding 280 mg (69%) of a colorless foam.TLC (D): R_(f) 0.8. ³¹P-NMR (CDCl₃): 149.37, 149.38.

Example 3

Investigation of Array Precursor Compounds

According to standard methodology, the oligonucleotides shown in Table19 were synthesized from the phosphoramidites according to thisinvention 19 (=8a and 16a) to 23 in scheme 11 and standard A, G, C and Tphosphoramidites as already described above. The phosphoramidites arealso available from Glen Research and were used according to themanufacturer's instructions (Orderung numbers: 10-1906-02 (20),10-1964-02 (21), 10-1056-02 (22), 10-1067-02 (23)). The hybridisationbehaviour was investigated as described using UV/VIS spectroscopymeasuring temperature dependent absorption at a wavelength of 260 nm.

TABLE 19 T_(m)-Values and Thermodynamic Data of Duplex Formation ofAntiparallel or Parallel Oligonucleotide Dupelxes Carrying FluorescentReporter Groups and/or Aminoalkyl Linkers for the Immobilization onArrays^(a)). T_(m) ΔH° ΔS° ΔG°₃₁₀ Oligonucleotide [° C.] [kcal/mol][cal/K mol] [kcal/mol] 5′-d(TAG GTC AAT ACT) (102) · (103) 47 −86.8−243.7 −11.3 3′-d(ATC CAG TTA TGA) 5′-d(TAG GTC 2b2bT ACT) (110) · (103)56 −91.4 −251.7 −13.4 3′-d(ATC CAG TTA TGA) 5′-d(24 TAG GTC AAT ACT)(500) · (103) 49 −90.0 −254.4 −11.1 3′-d(ATC CAG TTA TGA) 5′-d(24 TAGGTC 2b2bT ACT) (501) · (103) 56 −87.2 −239.3 −13.0 3′-d(ATC CAG T T ATGA) 5′-d(24 TAG GTC AAT ACT) (500) · (502) 49 −95.2 −270.8 −11.23′-d(ATC CAG 7F17A TGA 25) 5′-d(24 TAG GTC 2b2bT ACT) (501) · (502) 56−92.7 −256.6 −13.1 3′-d(ATC CAG T T A TGA 25) 5′-d(24 TAG GTC AAT ACT)(500) · (503) 50 −86.5 −242.7 −11.2 3′-d(ATC CAG TTA TGA 26) 5′-d(24 TAGGTC 2b2bT ACT) (501) · (503) 58 −95.1 −262.1 −13.8 3′-d(ATC GAG T T ATGA 26) 5′-d(T 27 A TAA 27 T 27 27 TA) (504) · (505) 42 −77.1 −220.6−8.7 5′-d(A G T ATT G A G G AT) 5′-d(24 T 27 A TAA 27 T 27 27 TA) (506)· (507) 43 −71.9 −201.8 −9.3 5′-d(A G T ATT G A G G AT 26) 5′-d(24 T 27A T2b2b 27 T 27 27 TA) (508) · (507) 48 −93.7 −265.4 −11.3 5′-d(A G T ATT G A G G AT 26) ^(a))Measured UV-spectrophotometrically at 260 nm in 10mM Na-cacodylate, 10 mM MgCl₂, 100 mM NaCl (pH 7) at 5 μM + 5 μM ofsingle strand concentration. The thermodynamic data were calculatedusing the program MeltWin (3.0).

It could be shown that the melting behaviour is very similar in theparallel and antiparallel mode even when labelled with reporter groups.The situation is similar to the situation when the nucleic acid bindingcompound according to the invention is bound to surface or builds up anarray or when it binds to an array of natural or non-natural nucleicacid binding compounds exemplifying the usefulness of the presentinvention. This is exemplified by the oligonucleotide 501 containing alinker by which it can attached to a solid phase and hybridizes to alabelled target nucleic acid like the oligonucleotide 503.

Example 4

Visualization of Antiparallel and Parallel Hybridization

The hydrogen bonding interaction pattern in parallel or antiparallelduplexes is visualized in scheme 12 and 13.

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1. A nucleic acid binding compound comprising a backbone, said backbonehaving attached one or more heterocyclic groups capable of base pairingto nucleobases, wherein at least one heterocyclic group is a group offormula I:

wherein R¹ is independent from X, R² or R³ and is selected from thegroup consisting of —Br and —I; R² and R³ are independent from eachother and from X and R¹, and are selected from the group consisting of:(1) —H, (2) (C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, (3) (C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl, (4) (C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyl,(5) (C₆-C₂₂)-aryl, (6) —Z—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —Z—(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl,—Z—(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyl, —Z—(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl or Z—H, wherein Z=—CO—, —CO—NH—,—CS—NH—, —(CH₂)_(n)—[O—(CH₂)_(r)]_(s)—, where r and s are, independentlyof each other, an integer between 1 to 18 and n is 1 or 2 independentlyfrom r and s, (7) substituents (2) to (6), wherein any alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl or aryl is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more moietiesselected from the group consisting of -halogen, —NO₂, —OR¹², —CN,—(C₁-C₆)-alkoxy, —SH, —S—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —NR⁵R⁶, —N⁺R⁵R⁶R¹², —COR¹¹,—NH—CONR⁵R⁶, —NH—CSNR⁵R⁶ and (CH₂)_(n)—[O—(CH₂)_(r)]_(s)—NR⁵R⁶, r and sare independently of each other an integer of from 1 to 18 and a is 0 or1 independently from r and s, wherein R¹¹ is selected from the groupconsisting of —NHR¹² and OR¹², wherein R⁵, R⁶ and R¹² are selectedindependently from the group consisting of —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl and a reporter group, X isN; and D) is the position of attachment of the group to the rest of thenucleic acid binding compound; or any salts thereof.
 2. The nucleic acidbinding compound according to claim 1, wherein said nucleic acidcompound comprises one or more moieties of formula II:

wherein A is selected from the group consisting of O and S, L isselected from the group consisting of oxy, sulfanediyl, —CR₂— and—NR²²—, T is selected from the group consisting of oxo, thioxo andselenoxo, U is selected from the group consisting of —OH, O⁻,—O-reporter group, —SH, —S reporter group, —SeH, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy,(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl, —(C₆—C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —NR²³R²⁴,and —(—O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-)_(n)—R²⁵, wherein n can be any integer between1 and 6, or wherein —NR²³R²⁴ can together with N be a 5 or 6-memberedheterocyclic ring, V is selected from the group consisting of oxy,sulfanediyl, —CH₂—, or —NR²²—, R¹⁴ is selected from the group consistingof —H, —OH, —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy,-halogen, -azido, —O-allyl, —O-alkinyl, and —NH₂, R²² is independentlyselected from the group of —H and —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, R²³ and R²⁴ areindependently selected from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,—(C₁-C₂₀)-aryl, —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-[NH(CH₂)_(c)]_(d)—NR²⁶R²⁷ and a reporter group, R²⁵ isselected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, -halogen, -amino,—(C₁-C₆)-alkylamino, —COOH, —CONH₂ and —COO(C₁-C₄)-alkyl and a reportergroup, R²⁶ and R²⁷ are independently selected from the group consistingfrom —H, —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, and —(C₁-C4)-alkoxy-(C₁-C₆)-alkyl and areporter group, c is an integer from 2 to 6, d is an integer from 0 to6, and B is a moiety of formula I with R¹, R², R³ and X as specified inclaim 1, wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl is unsubstituted orsubstituted by one or more moieties selected from the group consistingof -halogen, —SH, —NO₂, —CN, —S—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —NR⁵R⁶, N⁺R⁵R⁶R¹², —OR¹²,—COR¹¹, —NH—CO—NR⁵R⁶, —NH—CS—NR⁵R⁶ and—(CH₂)_(n)—[O—(CH₂)_(r)]_(s)—NR⁵R⁶, r and s are independently of eachother an integer of from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from rand s, wherein R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of —NHR¹²,OR¹², and —SR¹², wherein R⁵, R⁶ and R¹² are selected independently fromthe group consisting of —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl,—(C₂-C₁₀)-alkinyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl and a reporter group, or any saltsthereof.
 3. The nucleic acid binding compound according to claim 1,wherein the backbone comprises a moiety of formula III, wherein t is 0or 1,

wherein in the case that t=1, A is selected from the group consisting ofO and S. M is selected from the group consisting of oxy, sulfanediyl,—NR²²—, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-, or —O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—, and—S—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O— and —NR²²—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R²² is selected fromthe group of —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, a protecting group and a reportergroup, R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH,—(C₁-C₃)-alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)-allyl, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy,—(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyloxy, —(O—CH₂)_(n)— wherein n may be an integer of from1 to 18, -halogen, -azido, SH, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkylmercapto, O-reportergroup, O-Solid phase and —NR², R¹⁵ is selected from the group consistingof —H, —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyl,—(C₂-C₁₀)-alkyl-carbonyl, —(C₃-C₁₉)-alkenyl-carbonyl,—(C₃-C₁₉)-alkynyl-carbonyl, —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, a solid phaseand a group of formula IV

wherein T is selected from the group consisting of oxo, thioxo andselenoxo, and U is selected from the group consisting of —OH, O⁻,—O-reporter group, —SM, —SeH, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,—(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl, —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —NR²³R²⁴, and—(—O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-)-R²⁵, wherein N can be any integer between 1 and 6,or wherein NR²³R²⁴ can together with N be a 5 or 6-membered heterocyclicring, R²³ and R²⁴ are independently selected from the group consistingof —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₁-C₂₀)-aryl, —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-[NH(CH₂)_(c)]_(d)—NR²⁶R²⁷, R²⁵ is selected from the groupconsisting of —H, —OH, -halogen, -amino, —(C₁-C₁₈)-alkylamino, —COOH,—CONH₂ and —COO(C₁-C₄)-alkyl, R²⁶ and R²⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting from —H, —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, and—(C₁-C₄)-alkoxy-(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, R²⁹ is selected from the group consistingof —OR³⁰ and —SR³⁰, R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of —H,—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl, a protecting group,a solid phase and a reporter group, C is an integer from 2 to 6, d is aninteger from 0 to 6, and B is a moiety of formula I with R¹, R², R³ andX as specified in claim 1, wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or arylis unsubstituted or substituted by one or more moieties selected fromthe group consisting of -halogen, —SH, —NO₂, —CN, —S—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl,—NR⁵R⁶, —N⁺R⁵R⁶R¹², —OR¹², —COR¹¹, —NH—CO—NR⁵R⁶, —NH—CS—NR⁵R⁶ and—(CH₂)_(n)—[O—(CH₂)_(r)]_(s)—NR⁵R⁶, r and s are independently of eachother an integer of from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from rand s; wherein R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of —NHR¹²,OR¹², and SR¹², wherein R⁵, K⁶ and R¹² are selected independently fromthe group consisting of —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl,—(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl and a reporter group, and wherein inthe case that t=0, R¹⁵ is —H, or any salts thereof.
 4. The nucleic acidbinding compound of claim 3, wherein t=0, R¹⁵ is —H and R¹⁴ is —H. 5.The nucleic acid binding compound according to claim 1, wherein saidbackbone comprises a moiety of the formula V

wherein A is selected from the group consisting of O and S, M′ isselected from the group consisting of oxy, sulfanediyl, —NR²²,—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—, —S—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O— and—NR²²—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R²² is selected from the group of —H, aprotecting group, a reporter group and —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, R¹⁴ is selectedfrom the group consisting of —H, —OH, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy,—(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyloxy, -halogen, azido, —,—S—(C₁-C₆)— alkylmercapto, O-reporter group, O-Solid phase and NH₂, R¹⁶is selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C₁-C₈)-alkyl,—(C₂-C₁₈)-alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₈)-alkynyl, —(C₂-C₁₈)-alkyl-carbonyl,—(C₃-C₁₉)-alkenyl-carbonyl, —(C₆-C₁₉)-alkynyl-arbonyl,—(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₈)-alkyl, a protective group or a compound offormula IV

wherein T is selected from the group consisting of oxo, thioxo andselenoxo, U is selected from the group consisting of —OH, —SH, —SeH,—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl,—(C₆-C₁₄)-alkyl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —NR²³R²⁴, and —(—O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-)-R²⁵,wherein n can be any integer between 1 and 6, wherein NR²³R²⁴ cantogether with N be a 5 or 6-membered heterocyclic ring, R²³ end R²⁴ areindependently selected from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,—(C₁-C₂₀)-aryl, —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, and—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-[NH(CH₂)_(c)]_(d)—NR²⁶R²⁷, R²⁵ is selected from the groupconsisting of —H, —OH, -halogen, -amino, —(C₁-C₁₈)-alkylamino, —COOH,—CONH² and —COO(C₁-C₄)-alkyl, R²⁶ and R²⁷ are independently selectedfrom the group consisting from —H, —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, and—(C₁-C₄)-alkoxy-(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, R²⁹ is selected from the group consistingof —OR³⁰ and —SR³⁰, R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of —H,—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl, a protecting group,a solid phase and a reporter group, and c is an integer from 2 to 6, dis an integer from 0 to 6, and B is a moiety of formula I with R¹, R²,R³ and X as specified in claim 1, wherein any alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl oraryl is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more moieties selectedfrom the group consisting of —Halogen, —SN, —NO₂, —CN, S—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl,—NR⁵R⁶, —N⁺R⁵R⁶R¹², —OR¹², —COR¹¹, —NH—CO—NR⁵R⁶, —NH—CS—NR⁵R⁶ and—(CH₂)_(n)—[O—(CH₂)_(r)]_(s)—NR⁵R⁶, r and a are independently of eachother an integer of from 1 to 18 and n is 0 or 1 independently from rand s, wherein R¹¹ is selected from the group consisting of —NHR¹²,OR¹², and —SR¹², wherein R⁵, R⁶ and R¹² are selected independently fromthe group consisting of —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl,—(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl and a reporter group, and any saltsthereof.
 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein M′ is O, R¹⁶ is H and R¹⁴is selected flow the group consisting of —H and —OH.
 7. The nucleic acidbinding compound according to claim 1, wherein the backbone comprisessugar and phosphate moieties.
 8. The nucleic acid binding compoundaccording to claim 7, wherein the sugar is in a locked conformation. 9.The nucleic acid binding compound according to claim 1, wherein thenucleic acid binding compound comprises a heterocyclic group which is apyrrolo-[2,3-d]-pyrimidine, a pyrazolo[3,4-d]-pyrimidine or an analoguethereof.
 10. The nucleic acid binding compound according to claim 1,wherein a protecting group substitutes one or two hydrogen atoms of a—OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH-alkyl, —NH-alkenylene, —NH-alkynylene, or a NH-arylgroup.
 11. The nucleic acid binding compound according to claim 1,wherein said nucleic acid binding compound contains a reporter group.12. The nucleic acid binding compound according to claim 11 wherein theheterocyclic group of formula I as defined in claim 1 is separated fromthe nucleotide to which the reporter group is attached by 1 to 5nucleotides.
 13. The nucleic acid binding compound according to claim 1,wherein a heterocyclic group is7-bromo-7-deaza-8-aza-2,6,-diamino-purine or7-iodo-7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diamino-purine.
 14. A composition for analyzinginteractions between nucleic acid binding compounds comprising an arrayof a plurality of nucleic acid binding compounds having differentsequences, said plurality of nucleic acid binding compounds beingcoupled to a solid substrate at known locations and selected to bind tocomplementary nucleic acid binding compounds, wherein the nucleic acidbinding compounds comprise a backbone, said backbone having attachedheterocyclic groups capable of base pairing to nucleobases, and whereinat least one heterocyclic group is a 7-iodo- or 7-bromo-substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or an analogue thereof.
 15. A compositionaccording to claim 14 wherein the 7-iodo- or 7-bromo-substitutedpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue is a 7-iodo- or7-bromo-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue of adenine or guanine, or a7-iodo- or 7-bromo-substituted pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine analogue ofadenine or guanine.
 16. A composition according to claim 14, whereinsaid solid substrate is selected from the group consisting of silica,polymeric materials, glass, porous glass, beads, chips, and slides. 17.A composition according to claim 14, wherein said composition comprisesan array of nucleic acid binding compounds 5 to 20 nucleotides inlength.
 18. The binding product of a first nucleic acid binding compoundaccording to claim 1, or a composition according to claim 15, with asecond nucleic acid binding compound according to claim 1, wherein thefirst nucleic acid binding compound or the composition and the secondnucleic acid binding compound are bound to each other by base pairing inparallel or antiparallel orientation.
 19. A compound of formula VIII:

wherein PPP is a triphosphate group, a thiotriphosphate group or ananalogue thereof; R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OH,—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkyenyloxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyloxy halogen,-azido and NH₂; R³⁶ is selected from the group of —H and —OH; B is agroup of formula I as defined in claim 1; and any salts thereof; andwherein optionally at least one protecting group substitutes one or twohydrogen atoms of a —OH, —SH, NH₂, NH-alkyl, —NH-alkenylene,—NH-alkynylene, or a —NH-aryl group.
 20. A compound of claim 19, whereinR¹⁴ is H and B is 7-bromo-7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine or7-iodo-7-deaza-8-aza-2,6-diaminopurine.
 21. A compound of formula VI:

wherein A is selected from the group consisting of O and S, R¹⁴ isselected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy,O-protecting group, S-protecting group, NH-protecting group,—(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy, -halogen, -azido, —SH, —(C₁-C₆)-alkylmercapto,O-reporter group and —NH₂, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of —H, —(C₁-C₈)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₈)-alkenyl,—(C₂-C₁₈)-alkynyl, —(C₂-C₁₈)-alkyl-carbonyl, —(C₃-C₁₉)-alkenyl-carbonyl,—(C₃-C₁₉)-alkynyl-carbonyl, —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₂-C₈)-alkyl, a protectinggroup or a compound of formula IV, with the proviso that R¹⁵ or R¹⁶ is agroup of formula IV,

wherein T is selected from the group consisting of oxo, thioxo andselenoxo, U is selected from the group consisting of —OH, —SH, —SeH,—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl,—(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —NR²³R²⁴, and—O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-R²⁵, or wherein NR²³R²⁴ can togetherwith N be a 5 or 6-membered heterocyclic ring, R²³ and R²⁴ areindependently selected from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,—(C₁-C₂₀)-aryl, —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,—(C₁-C₄)-alkyl-[NH(CH₂)_(c)]_(d)—NR²⁶R²⁷, R²⁵ is selected from the groupconsisting of —H, —OH, -halogen, amino, —(C₁-C₁₈)-alkylamino, —COOH,—CONH₂ and COO(C₁-C₄)-alkyl, R²⁶ and R²⁷are independently selected fromthe group consisting from —H, —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, and—(C₁-C₄)-alkoxy-(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, R²⁹ is selected from the group consistingof —OR³⁰ and —SR³⁰, R³⁰ is selected from the group consisting of —H,—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl, a protecting group,a phosphate, a diphosphate and a reporter group, and M and M′ areindependently selected from the group consisting of oxy, sulfanediyl,—NR²², —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, or —O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—, and—S—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O— and —NR²²—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R²² is selected fromthe group of —H and —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, and c is an integer from 2to 6, dis an integer from 0 to 6, and B is a moiety of formula I,

wherein R¹ is independent from X, R² or R³ and is selected from thegroup consisting of —Br and —I,

R² and R³ are independent from each other and from R¹ and are selectedfrom the group of substituents (1) to (7) for R² and R³ in formula I inclaim 1, X is N D is the position of attachment of the group to the restof the nucleic acid binding compound, whereby optionally at least oneprotecting group substitutes one or two hydrogen atoms of a —OH, —SH,NH₂, NH-alkyl, —NH-alkenylene, —NH-alkynylene, or a —NH-aryl group, andany salts thereof.
 22. A compound of formula VII:

wherein A is selected from the group consisting of O end S, M and M′ areindependently selected from the group consisting of oxy, sulfanediyl,—NR²², —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, or —O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—, and—S—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O— and —NR²²—(C₂-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R²² is selected fromthe group of —H and —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, R¹⁴ is selected from the groupconsisting of —H, —OR³¹, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy,—(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyloxy, -halogen, -azido, NHR³¹, SR³¹, R³¹ is a protectinggroup or a reporter group, R³² and R¹⁷ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl,—(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl, or wherein NR³²R¹⁷ can form together with N a 5 or 6membered heterocyclic ring, R¹⁸ is selected from the group consistingof(C₂-C₆)-alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl,unsubstituted —(C₁-C₆)-alkoxy or —(C₁-C₆)-alkoxy substituted one or moretimes by a group selected from the group consisting of -halogen,p-nitroaryloxy and -cyano, and B is a group of formula I

wherein R¹ is independent from X, R² or R³ and is selected from thegroup consisting of —Br and —I;

R² and R³ are independent horn each other and from X and R¹, and areselected from the group of substituents (1) to (7) for R² and R³ informula I in claim 1; X is N; D is the position of attachment of thegroup to the rest of the nucleic acid binding compound, with the provisothat one or two hydrogen atoms of any —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH-alkyl,—NH-alkenylene, —NH-alkynylene, or —NH-aryl group are substituted by aprotecting group, and any salts thereof.
 23. A compound of formula IX:

wherein A is selected from the group consisting O and S, M and M′ areindependently selected from the group consisting of oxy, sulfanediyl,—NR²², —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, or —O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—, and—S—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O— and —NR²²—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R²² is selected fromthe group of —H and —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, R¹⁴ is selected from the groupconsisting of —H, —OR³¹, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy,—(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyloxy, -halogen, -azido, NHR³¹, SR³¹, or O-reportergroup, R³¹ is a protecting group or a reporter group, R³² and R¹⁷ areindependently selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl,—(C₂-C ₁₀)-alkenyl, —(C₆-C₂₂)-aryl, or wherein NR³²R¹⁷ can form togetherwith N a 5 or 6-membered heterocyclic ring, R¹⁸ is selected from thegroup consisting of —(C₂-C₆)-alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, unsubstituted —(C₁-C₆)-alkoxy or —(C₁-C₆)-alkoxysubstituted one or more times by a group selected from the groupconsisting of -halogen, p-nitroaryloxy and -cyano, and B is a group offormula I

wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of —Br and —I;

R²and R³ are independent from each other and from X and R¹, and areselected from the group of substituents (1) to (7) for R² and R³ informula I in claim 1, X is N, D is the position of attachment of thegroup to the rest of the nucleic acid binding compound, with the provisothat one or two hydrogen atoms of any —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH-alkyl,—NH-alkenylene, —NH-alkynylene, or —NH-aryl group are substituted by aprotecting group, and any salts thereof.
 24. A compound of formula X:

wherein M and M′ are independently selected from the group consisting ofoxy, sulfanediyl, —NR²², —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, or —O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—, and—S—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O— and —NR²²-(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R²² is selected fromthe group of —H and —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, R¹⁴ is selected from the groupconsisting of —H, —OR³¹, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy,—(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyloxy, -halogen, -azido, NHR³¹, SR³¹, or O-reporter, R³¹is a protecting group or a reporter group, B is a group of formula I

wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of —Br and —I;

R² and R³ are independent from each other and from X and R¹, and areselected from the group of substituents (1) to (7) for R² and R³ informula I in claim 1; X is N, D is the position of attachment of thegroup to the rest of the nucleic acid binding compound, with the provisothat one or two hydrogen atoms of any —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH-alkyl,—NH-alkenylene, —NH-alkynylene, or —NH-aryl group are substituted by aprotecting group, and any salts thereof.
 25. A precursor for thesynthesis of a nucleic acid binding compound comprising a backbone,wherein the backbone comprises a moiety of the fonnula VI:

wherein A is selected from the group consisting of O and S. M and M′ areindependently selected from the group consisting of oxy, sulfanediyl,—NR²²—, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-, or —O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—, and—S—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O— and —NR²²—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R²² is selected fromthe group of —H, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, a protecting group and a reportergroup, R¹⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —H, —OR³¹,—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy, O-protecting group, S-protecting group, NT₂-protectinggroup, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyloxy, -halogen, -azido, SH,—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkylmercapto, and —O-solid phase, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ areindependently selected from the group consisting of —H, —(C₁-C₆)-alkyl,—(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkyl-carbonyl,—(C₃-C₁₉)-alkenyl-carbonyl, —(C₃-C₁₉)-alkynyl-carbonyl,—(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, protecting group and a solid phase, B isa moiety of formula I,

wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting or —Br and —I;

R² and R³ are independent from each other and from X and R¹ and areselected from the group of substituents (1) to (7) for R² and R³ informula I in claim 1, X is N. D is the position of attachment of thegroup to the rest of the nucleic acid binding compound, with the provisothat one or two hydrogen atoms of any —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH-alkyl,—NH-alkenylene, —NH-alkynylene, or —NH-aryl group are substituted by aprotecting group, and any salts thereof.
 26. A precursor or intermediateof a nucleic acid binding compound, wherein the backbone comprises amoiety of formula III:

wherein A is selected from the group consisting of O and S. M isselected from the group consisting of oxy, sulfanediyl, —NR²²—,—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-, or —O—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—, and —S—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl-O—,O—CO—, —NR²²—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl-O—, R²² is selected from the group of —H,—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl, a protecting group and a reporter group, R¹⁴ isselected from the group consisting of —H, —OH, —(C₁-C₁₀)-alkoxy,—(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyloxy, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyloxy, -halogen, -azido, SH,—(C₁-C₁₀)-alkylmercapto, O-reporter group, O-solid phase and —NH₂ linkedto a protecting group, R¹⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —H,—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)-alkynyl,—(C₂-C₁₀)-alkyl-carbonyl, —(C₃-C₁₉)-alkenyl-carbonyl,—(C₃-C₁₉)-alkynyl-carbonyl, —(C₆-C₁₄)-aryl-(C₁-C₁₀)-alkyl and a solidphase, B is a moiety of formula I,

wherein R¹ selected from the group consisting of —Br and —I;

R² and R³ are independent from each other and from X and R¹, and areselected from the group of substituents (1) to (7) for R² and R³ informula I in claim 1, X is N, D is the position of attachment of thegroup to the rest of the nucleic acid binding compound, wherein R¹⁴ isO-solid phase or R¹⁵ is solid phase, with the proviso that one or twohydrogen atoms of any —OH, —SH, —NH₂, —NH-alkyl, —NH-alkenylene,—NH-alkynylene, or —NH-aryl group are substituted by a protecting group,and any salts thereof.
 27. A precursor or intermediate compoundcomprising a backbone, said backbone having attached heterocyclic groupscharacterized in that a heterocyclic group is a group of the formula I:

wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of —Br and —I;

R² and R³ are independent from each other and from X and R¹, and areselected from the group of substituents (1) to (7) for R² and R³ informula I in claim 1, X is N, D is the position of attachment of thegroup to the rest of the nucleic acid binding compound, wherein saidbackbone is solid phase bound, with the proviso that one or two hydrogenatoms of any —OH, —SN, —NH₂, —NH-alkyl, —NH-alkenylene, —NH-alkynylene,or —NH-aryl group are substituted by a protecting group, and any saltsthereof.
 28. A method for enzymatic synthesis of a nucleic acid bindingcompound, comprising reacting a triphosphate subunit with a primer usinga nucleic acid as a template for the elongation of the primer, whereinthe triphosphate subunit is a compound according to claim
 19. 29. Amethod for the chemical synthesis of a compound using activatedsubunits, wherein said subunits contain a compound according to any oneof claims 21 to
 27. 30. A method according to claim 29 comprising theadditional step of reacting the synthesized nucleic acid bindingcompound with a label.